As well as photographs, the Luftwaffe gathered information on landmarks, potential targets and defences or lack thereof. When the war began, Belfast, like many other cities, adopted the wartime practices of rationing and blackouts. Video, 00:01:03One-minute World News, Isabel Oakeshott: Why I leaked Hancock's messages. In a survey of shelter use, it was found that, although the public shelters were fully occupied every night, just 9 percent of Londoners made use of them. An earlier flight on Oct. 18 allowed the crew to plot several targets in the city. There [is] ground for thinking that the enemy could not easily reach Belfast in force except during a period of moonlight. Sir Basil Brooke, the Minister of Agriculture, was the only active minister. Another claim was that the Catholic population in general and the IRA in particular guided the bombers. Revised estimates made decades later indicated that close to 600 men, women, and children had been killed in the bombing. There is no slacking in our loyalty. [4], The Government of Northern Ireland lacked the will, energy and capacity to cope with a major crisis when it came. During the first year of the war, behind-the-lines conditions prevailed in London. Protection of the city fell to seven anti-aircraft batteries of 16 heavy guns and six light guns. The seeming normality of life on the Home Front was shattered in 1944 when the first of the V1's landed. After the bombing began on September 7, local authorities urged displaced people to take shelter at South Hallsville School. Government ministers in Northern Ireland began to realise the Luftwaffe may launch an attack, but it was too little, too late. The working-class living close to industrial centres suffered more than anyone over the course of the four raids. When a bombing raid was imminent, air-raid sirens were set off to sound a warning. 1. [citation needed]. Accounts differ as to when flares were dropped to light up the city. Elsewhere in the skies over Britain, Nazi official Rudolph Hess chose that same evening to parachute into Scotland on a quixotic and wholly unauthorized peace mission. Of the churches, besides St. Pauls cathedral, where at one time were five unexploded bombs in the immediate vicinity and the roof of which was pierced by another that exploded and shattered the high altar to fragments, those damaged were Westminster abbey, St. Margarets Westminster, Southwark cathedral; fifteen Wren churches (including St. [citation needed], On Easter Tuesday, 15 April 1941, spectators watching a football match at Windsor Park noticed a lone Luftwaffe Junkers Ju 88 aircraft circling overhead.[15]. Wave after wave of bombers dropped their incendiaries, high explosives and land-mines. Up to now, we have escaped an attack, said John MacDermott, the Minister for Security, Belfast, on March 24, 1941. He believed that key targets identified across the city were hit. In Bristol, the bombed-out ruins of St Peter's Church were left standing with added memorial plaques to the civilians who were killed. These shelters were vital as these factories had many employees working late at night and early in the morning when Luftwaffe attacks were likely. Apart from those on London, this was the greatest loss of life in any night raid during the Blitz. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Three vessels nearing completion at Harland and Wolff's were hit as was its power station. Over 100 German planes made contact with barrage balloon cables during the Blitz, and two-thirds of them crashed or made forced landings on British soil. There was no opposition. Many people who were dug out of the rubble alive had taken shelter underneath their stairs and were fortunate that their homes had not received a direct hit or caught fire. The offensive came to be called the Blitz after the German word blitzkrieg (lightning war). [citation needed]. Over the course of three days, some 1.5 million civiliansthe overwhelming majority of them childrenwere transported from urban centres to rural areas that were believed to be safe. His report concluded with: "a second Belfast would be too horrible to contemplate". There wasn't enough room for Anna or Billy, so they sheltered elsewhere, a twist of fate that would save their lives. The Belfast blitz devastated a city that up until 1941 had remained unscathed during World War Two. He was replaced by 54-year-old Sir Basil Brooke on 1 May. His death (along with preceding ill-health) came at a bad time and arguably inadvertently caused a leadership vacuum. Apart from one or two false alarms in the early days of the war, no sirens wailed in London until June 25. Read about our approach to external linking. MacDermott would be proved right. NI WW2 veterans honoured by France. What's the least amount of exercise we can get away with? The shipyard was among the largest in the world, producing merchant vessels and military shipping. Belfast is as worthy a target as Coventry, Birmingham, Bristol or Glasgow.. 29 - Belfast was once bigger than Dublin [18], Over 900 people died, 1,500 people were injured, 400 of them seriously. By 1940, Short and Harland could shelter its entire workforce and Harland and Wolff had provision to shelter 16,000 workers. In the eight months of attacks, some 43,000 civilians were killed. The attacks were authorized by Germanys chancellor, Adolf Hitler, after the British carried out a nighttime air raid on Berlin. Only four were known still to be alive. . You can see the difference in those letters - post-Blitz is very much a grieving tone. 2. "It says a lot about how these people are forgotten that there is no Blitz memorial in Belfast," Mr Freeburn says. The initial human cost of the Blitz was lower than the government had expected, but the level of destruction exceeded the governments dire predictions. Clydeside got its blitz during the period of the last moon. Even the children of soldiers had not been evacuated, with calamitous results when the married quarters of Victoria Barracks received a direct hit. William Joyce (known as "Lord Haw-Haw") announced in radio broadcasts from Hamburg that there will be "Easter eggs for Belfast". The South Hallsville School disaster prompted Londoners, especially residents of the East End, to find safer shelters, on their own if necessary. John Clarke MacDermott, the Minister of Public Security, after the first bombing, initiated the "Hiram Plan" to evacuate the city and to return Belfast to 'normality' as quickly as possible. devised the Morrison shelter (named for Home Secretary Herbert Stanley Morrison) as an alternative to the Anderson shelter. Although casualties were heavy, at no time did they approach the estimates that had been made before the war, and only a fraction of the available hospital and ambulance capacity was ever utilized. Beginning in September 1940, the Blitz was an aerial bombing campaign conducted by the Luftwaffe against British cities. 2. 4. Jimmy Doherty, an air raid warden (who later served in London during the V1 and V2 blitz), who wrote a book on the Belfast blitz; Clydeside got its blitz during the period of the last moon. Sixty years after the Germans bombed Belfast in World War II BBC News Online looks back and remembers the anniversary of the blitz. The couple, who ran a children's home, stayed with Anna's parents, William and Harriette Denby, and her sisters, Dot and Isa, at Evelyn Gardens, off the Cavehill Road, in the north of the city. Targets identified included: the Short and Harland Ltd. Aircraft Factory; the Belfast power station and waterworks; Other maps uncovered following the Second World War also showed the parliament and city hall, Belfast gasworks, a rope factory and the Royal Belfast Academical Institution. Around 20,000 people were employed on the site with 35,000 further along in the shipyard. The Belfast Blitz was a series of devastating Luftwaffe air raids that took place in Northern Ireland during the Second World War. Belfast's Albert Clock tower is sinking - it leans by four feet. Humanity knows no borders, no politics, no differences of religious belief. The famous places damaged include the palace of Westminster and Westminster hall, the County hall, the Public Record office, the Law Courts, the Temple and the Inner Temple library; Somerset house, Burlington house, the tower of London, Greenwich observatory, Hogarths house; the Carlton, Reform, American, Savage, Arts and Orleans clubs; the Royal College of Surgeons, University college and its library, Stationers hall, the Y.M.C.A. Weighing 46,328 tonnes, Titanic was to be the largest manmade moveable object the world had ever seen. Since most casualties were caused by falling masonry rather than by blast, they provided effective shelter for those who had them. Reviewed by: Geoffrey Roberts. That contrasts with the figure that is often given of more than 900 killed on Easter Tuesday alone. Barton wrote: "the Catholic population was much more strongly opposed to conscription, was inclined to sympathise with Germany", "there were suspicions that the Germans were assisted in identifying targets, held by the Unionist population." Belfast Blitz: Marking the lost lives 80 years on. the Blitz, (September 7, 1940May 11, 1941), intense bombing campaign undertaken by Nazi Germany against the United Kingdom during World War II. The fall of France in June, 1940, enabled the Luftwaffe to establish airfields across the north of the country, leaving Ulster within reach of bombers. along with England, Scotland, and Wales. [citation needed]. Despite the military and industrial importance of the city, the Luftwaffe described the defences asweak, scanty, insufficient. Streets heavily bombed in the city centre included High Street, Ann Street, Callender Street, Chichester Street, Castle Street, Tomb Street, Bridge Street (effectively obliterated), Rosemary Street, Waring Street, North Street, Victoria Street, Donegall Street, York Street, Gloucester Street, and East Bridge Street. The M.V. The Luftwaffe had lost more than 600 aircraft, and, although the RAF had lost fewer than half that many, the battle was claiming British fighters and experienced pilots at too great a rate. 13 died, including a soldier killed when an anti-aircraft gun, at the Balmoral show-grounds, misfired. IWM C 5424 1. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of any material on this site without expressand written permission from the author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. "There will always be people who will slip through the net but I am able to say at least 987 were killed across all raids.". Video, 00:03:09, Mapping the lives lost in the Belfast Blitz, Russian minister laughed at for Ukraine war claims. The Premier Online Military History Magazine, Re-printed with permission fromWartimeNI.com. By the. However, the Docklands was also a densely populated and impoverished area where thousands of working-class Londoners lived in run-down housing. The House of Commons, Westminster Abbey, and the British Museum were severely damaged, and The Temple was almost completely destroyed. "[22], In his opinion, the greatest want was the lack of hospital facilities. Maps and documents uncovered at Gatow Airfield near Berlin in 1945 showed the level of detail involved. Poor visibility on the night meant that the accuracy of the bombers was hampered and the explosives were dropped on densely populated areas of Belfast. In the course of four Luftwaffe attacks on the nights of 7-8 April, 15-16 April, 4-5 May and 5-6 May 1941, lasting ten hours in total, 1,100 people died, over 56,000 houses in the city were damaged (53 per cent of its entire housing stock), roughly 100,000 made temporarily homeless and 20 million damage was caused to property at wartime values. O'Sullivan reported: "There were many terrible mutilations among both living and dead heads crushed, ghastly abdominal and face wounds, penetration by beams, mangled and crushed limbs etc.". In every instance, all stepped forward. Has it taken bursting bombs to remind the people of this little country that they have common tradition, a common genius and a common home? A charitable relief fund for the people of London was opened September 10. Between April 7 and May 6 of that year, Luftwaffe bombers unleashed death and destruction on the cities of Belfast, Bangor, Derry/Londonderry and Newtownards. 11 churches, two hospitals and two schools were destroyed. THE BELFAST BLITZ was a series of four air raids over Northern Ireland during the spring of 1941. Moya Woodside[23] noted in her diary: "Evacuation is taking on panic proportions. It remains a high death toll - a shocking number of people killed in just a few weeks. I felt outraged, I should have felt sympathy, grief, but instead feelings of revulsion and disgust assailed me. The attacks were authorized by Germany's chancellor, Adolf Hitler, after the British carried out a nighttime air raid on Berlin. However that attack was not an error. THE BELFAST BLITZ was a series of four air raids over Northern Ireland during the spring of 1941. These balloons, the largest of which were some 60 feet (18 metres) long, were essentially an airspace denial tool. Author Lawrence H. Dawson detailed the damage to Londons historic buildings for the 1941 Britannica Book of the Year: The following curtailed list identifies some of the better known places in inner London that have been damaged by enemy action. In early 1941 the Germans launched another wave of attacks, this time focusing on ports. The government was blamed by some for inadequate precautions. The British government had anticipated air attacks on its population centres, and it had predicted catastrophic casualties. The winter of 193940 was severe, but the summer was pleasant, and in their leisure hours Londoners thronged the parks or worked in their gardens. Authorities had noted Queens Island in the cityas a vulnerable point as early as 1929. Incendiary bombs predominated in this raid. At the start of World War Two, Belfast had considered itself safe from an aerial attack, as the city's leaders believed that Belfast was simply too far away for Luftwaffe bombers to reach - assuming that they would have to fly from Nazi Germany. The first day of the Blitz is remembered as Black Saturday. Video, 00:01:37, Thanks, but no big speech, in Ken Bruce's sign off, Tear gas fired at Greece train crash protesters. On July 16, 1940, Hitler issued a directive ordering the preparation and, if necessary, execution of Operation Sea Lion, the amphibious invasion of Great Britain. London seemed ablaze from the docks to Westminster, much damage was done, and casualties were high. Men from the South worked with men from the North in the universal cause of the relief of suffering. It lies where the Lagan River flows into a part of the Irish Sea. Video, 00:01:23, Watch: Matt Hancock message row in 83 seconds, Isabel Oakeshott: Why I leaked Hancock's messages. Barton insisted that Belfast was "too far north" to use radio guidance. The World's Most-Famous Ship, The Titanic, was constructed here. "A lot of the people I spoke to were relatives who ended up donating images and handwritten letters from before and after the Blitz. But the authorities were afraid that bombs might not be the. Similar initiatives bearing the same name were ordered in the past decade by former mayors Libby . Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom . Lecturer of History, Queens University, Belfast, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belfast_Blitz&oldid=1136721396, During the war years, Belfast shipyards built or converted over 3,000 navy vessels, repaired more than 22,000 others and launched over half a million tons of merchant shipping over 140. This option had been forbidden by city officials, who feared that once people began sleeping in Underground stations, they would be reluctant to return to the surface and resume daily life. Victory for the Royal Air Forces (RAFs) Fighter Command blocked this possibility and, in fact, created the conditions for Britains survival and the eventual destruction of the Third Reich. Belfast Blitz: Marking the lost lives 80 years on A force of 180 bombers dropped 750 bombs - including 203 tonnes of high explosives - and 29,000 incendiaries over a five-hour period. Many bodies and body parts could not be identified. He gave an interview saying: "the people of Belfast are Irish people too". Government apathy, a lack of leadership and a belief the Luftwaffe could not reach Belfast lead to the city lagging behind in terms of basic defences. Burke Street which ran between Annadale and Dawson streets in the New Lodge area, was completely wiped off the map with all its 20 houses flattened and all of the occupants killed.[16]. The city has been a leader in women's rights. Between April 7 and May 6 of that year, Luftwaffe bombers unleashed death and destruction on the cities of Belfast, Bangor, Derry/Londonderry and Newtownards. The creeping TikTok bans. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Munster, for example, operated by the Belfast Steamship Company, plied between Belfast and Liverpool under the tricolour, until she hit a mine and was sunk outside Liverpool. Churches destroyed or wrecked included Macrory Memorial Presbyterian in Duncairn Gardens; Duncairn Methodist, Castleton Presbyterian on York Road; St Silas's on the Oldpark Road; St James's on the Antrim Road; Newington Presbyterian on Limestone Road; Crumlin Road Presbyterian; Holy Trinity on Clifton Street and Clifton Street Presbyterian; York Street Presbyterian and York Street Non-Subscribing Presbyterian; Newtownards Road Methodist and Rosemary Street Presbyterian (the last of which was not rebuilt). Belfast, Irish Bal Feirste, city, district, and capital of Northern Ireland, on the River Lagan, at its entrance to Belfast Lough (inlet of the sea). They remained for three days, until they were sent back by the Northern Ireland government. William Joyce "Lord Haw-Haw" announced that "The Fhrer will give you time to bury your dead before the next attack Tuesday was only a sample." People hung black curtains in their windows so that no lights showed outside their houses. The bombing of British cities - Swansea, Belfast, Glasgow Before the war broke out, civilians had been issued with gas masks and Anderson shelters, which people were encouraged to build at the. ", Mapping the lives lost in the Belfast Blitz. Can Nigeria's election result be overturned? All were exhausted. High explosives were dropped. Several theatres and many cinemas were open, and there were even a few sporting events. It would appear that Adolf Hitler, in view of de Valera's negative reaction, was concerned that de Valera and Irish American politicians might encourage the United States to enter the war. Nine were registered on three separate occasions, and from the start of the Blitz until November 30 there were more than 350 alerts. Singer-songwriter Van Morrison was born here. The raids on London primarily targeted the Docklands area of the East End. British Spies and Irish Rebels by Paul McMahon, Report by the Garda Sochna 23 October 1941 IMA G2/1722, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Irish Minister for the Co-ordination of Defensive Measures, "Eamon de Valera and Hitler: An Analysis of International Reaction to the Visit to the German Minister, May 1945", "Extracts from an article, "The Belfast Blitz, 1941", "Historical Topics Series 2 The Belfast Blitz", "Your Place and Mine The Belfast Blitz", "Northern Ireland Parliamentary Elections Results: Biographies", "Belfast Blitz: The night death and destruction rained down on city", "Multitext - the Blitz - Belfast during the second World War", http://www.niwarmemorial.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/The_Belfast_Blitz.pdf, http://www.proni.gov.uk/historical_topics_series_-_02_-_the_belfast_blitz.pdf, Extracts from an article on The Belfast Blitz, 1941. By then 250 firemen from Clydeside had arrived. They are sleeping in the same sheugh (ditch), below the same tree or in the same barn. From September 1940 until May 1941, Britain was subjected to sustained enemy bombing campaign, now known as the Blitz. Just eight days earlier, eight planes destroyed the aircraft fuselage factory and damaged the docks, with 15 people ultimately killed as a result of that raid. Video, 00:02:54Living through the London Blitz, At least 17 dead in Jakarta fuel storage depot fire. By the end of the attacks, between 900 and 1,000 people were dead and thousands more were injured, homeless and displaced. Morale did suffer amid the death and devastation, but there were few calls for surrender. to households. Belfast is located on the island of Ireland. From a purely military perspective, the Blitz was entirely counterproductive to the main purpose of Germanys air offensiveto dominate the skies in advance of an invasion of England. Emma Duffin, a nurse at the Queen's University Hospital, (who previously served during the Great War), who kept a diary; Over a period of nine months, over 43,500 civilians were killed in the raids, which focused on major cities and industrial centres. The telegram was sent at 4:35am,[citation needed] asking the Irish Taoiseach, amon de Valera for assistance. ", Dawson Bates, the Home Affairs Minister, apparently refused to reply to army correspondence and when the Ministry of Home Affairs was informed by imperial defence experts in 1939 that Belfast was regarded as "a very definite German objective", little was done outside providing shelters in the Harbour area.[14]. 55,000 British civilian casualties were sustained through German bombing before the end of 1940 This included 23,000 deaths. The first was on the night of 7-8 April 1941, a small attack which probably took place only to test Belfast's defences. On the ground, there were only 22 anti-aircraft guns positioned around the city, six light and 16 heavy, and on the first night only seven of these were manned and operational. Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Here are 10 facts about both the German Blitzkrieg and the Allied bombing of Germany. Wherever Churchill is hiding his war material we will go Belfast is as worthy a target as Coventry, Birmingham, Bristol or Glasgow." [citation needed], Casualties were lower than at Easter, partly because the sirens had sounded at 11.45pm while the Luftwaffe attacked more cautiously from a greater height. He spoke with Professor Flynn, (Theodore Thomson Flynn, an Australian based at the Mater Hospital and father of actor Errol Flynn), head of the casualty service for the city, who told him of "casualties due to shock, blast and secondary missiles, such as glass, stones, pieces of piping, etc." In the mistaken belief that they might damage RAF fighters, the anti-aircraft batteries ceased firing. This hub of industry and trade represented a legitimate military target for the Germans, and some 25,000 bombs were dropped on the Port of London alone. 55,000 houses were damaged leaving 100,000 temporarily homeless. Video, 00:01:09The Spitfire turns 80, The German bombing of Coventry. The most significant loss was a 4.5-acre (1.8ha) factory floor for manufacturing the fuselages of Short Stirling bombers. The creeping TikTok bans, Hong Kong skyscraper fire seen on city's skyline. parliament: "if the government realized 'that these fast bombers can come to Northern Ireland in two and three quarter hours'". The attack on Coventry was particularly destructive. On 4-5 May, another raid, made up of 204 bombers, killed another 203 people and the following night 22 more died. On August 2, Luftwaffe commander Hermann Gring issued his Eagle Day directive, laying down a plan of attack in which a few massive blows from the air were to destroy British air power and so open the way for the invasion. At the core of this book is a compelling account of the Luftwaffe's blitz on Belfast in April-May 1941. In addition, there simply was not enough space for everyone who needed shelter in one of the largest and most densely populated cities in the world. Outside of London, with some 900 dead, this was the greatest loss of life in a night raid during the Blitz. The nights of November 3 and 28 were the only occasions during this period in which Londons peace was unbroken by siren or bomb. Updates? However Belfast was not mentioned again by the Nazis. 255 corpses were laid out in St George's Market. The British thus fought with the advantage of superior equipment and undivided aim against an enemy with inconsistent objectives. Because basements, a logical destination in the event of an air raid, were a relative rarity in Britain, the A.R.P. In just these few hours, 430 people were killed and 1,600 were badly injured. Another large-scale attack followed on March 19, when hundreds of houses and shops, many churches, six hospitals, and other public buildings were destroyed or seriously damaged. They all say the same thing, that the government is no good. On occasion, forces consisting of as many as 300 to 400 aircraft would cross the coast by day and split into small groups, and a few planes would succeed in penetrating Londons outer defenses. As more and more people began sleeping on the platforms, however, the government relented and provided bunk beds and bathrooms for the underground communities. No significant cut was made in necessary social services, and public and private premises, except when irreparably damaged, were repaired as speedily as possible. With Britains powerful Royal Navy controlling the surface approaches in the Channel and the North Sea, it fell to the Luftwaffe to establish dominance of the skies above the battle zone. It has been reported that on Easter Tuesday, Belfast suffered the highest loss of life of any city in the UK in a single raid. For eight months the Luftwaffe dropped bombs on London and other strategic cities across Britain. The ill-fated ship was built in the city in 1912, and to this day, there is a museum dedicated to its building and the lives of all of those on board. The period of the next moon from say the 7th to the 16th of April may well bring our turn." By the middle of December it had reached nearly 1,700,000 (adjusted for inflation, this was the equivalent of roughly 100 million in 2020). After the war, when the first girl from the home got married Billy gave her away, having lost his only daughter. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Belfast was ill-prepared for the blitz. It was the worst wartime raid outside of London in the UK. Video, 00:00:26, Living through the London Blitz. Taoiseach amon de Valera formally protested to Berlin. They prevented low-flying aircraft from approaching their targets at optimal altitudes and angles of attack. In the first days of the Blitz, a tragic incident in the East End stoked public anger over the governments shelter policy. VideoRussian minister laughed at for Ukraine war claims, The children left behind in Cuba's mass exodus, Xi Jinping's power grab - and why it matters, Snow, Fire and Lights: Photos of the Week. Video, 00:00:51, Australia's 'biggest drug bust' nets $700m of cocaine, Thanks, but no big speech, in Ken Bruce's sign off. This amounted to nearly half of Britains total civilian deaths for the whole war. Once more, London was targeted and children were victims. At 4:15am John MacDermott, the Minister of Public Security, managed to contact Basil Brooke (then Agriculture Minister), seeking permission to seek help from the Irish government. Omissions? Public buildings destroyed or badly damaged included Belfast City Hall's Banqueting Hall, the Ulster Hospital for Women and Children and Ballymacarrett library, (the last two being located on Templemore Avenue). The sense of relative calm was abruptly shattered in the first week of September 1940, when the war came to London in earnest. The Blitz began at about 4:00 in the afternoon on September 7, 1940, when German planes appeared over London. Belfast made a considerable contribution towards the Allied war effort, producing many naval ships, aircraft and munitions; therefore, the city was deemed a suitable bombing target by the Luftwaffe. [citation needed], Other writers, such as Tony Gray in The Lost Years state that the Germans did follow their radio guidance beams. Belfast has the world's largest dry dock. Added to this was the repair and refitting of 22,000 more vessels. The first (April 7 -8), a small attack, was most likely carried out to test the city's defenses. This type of shelteressentially a low steel cage large enough to contain two adults and two small childrenwas designed to be set up indoors and could serve as a refuge if the building began to collapse. London was bombed for 57 consecutive nights from 7 September 1940 German bombing of London during the Blitz, Discover how the Third Reich attacked Great Britain during World War II's Battle of Britain, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Watch President Roosevelt outline his Four Freedoms and learn how Britain defeated Germany's Luftwaffe. 7. Davies also set up medical stations and persuaded off-duty medical personnel to treat the sick and wounded. With the surrender of France in June 1940, Germanys sole remaining enemy lay across the English Channel. The "Hiram Plan" initiated by Dawson Bates, the Home Affairs Minister, had failed to materialise. And then naturally as I was over the target, I did pick up flak but I have no sense of exactly how weak or how strong it was, because every bit of flak you get is dangerous..