But according to Eater, White Claw just might be more of an upscale version than your everyday malt beverage. For standard beer, you'll typically see five percent, while a craft beer or stronger beer styles such as a porter or stout can range from six percent to 12 percent. White Tea Only 15 to 30 milligrams of caffeine are included in an eight-ounce cup of this variety of tea, making it the type of tea with the lowest caffeine content overall. Some studies have found that high doses of caffeine may be associated with an increased risk of miscarriage. At this point, it's possible White Claw is on an equal playing field for the level of consumption among both men and women. White Claw's Trendy Image. Treats Arthritis. It's hard to believe a malt beverage could become so popular so fast, but a lot of that has to do with its popularity across the internet. In fact, the drink became so popular at one point that the company couldn't keep up with demand. Is There Caffeine In White Claw Iced Tea? White Claw Hard Seltzer is made using a perfect blend of seltzer water, our gluten free alcohol base, and a fruit juice concentrate. There's a lot of hype surrounding White Claw, especially as some regard the sparkling beverage as a "vodka soda in a can." Latte, Iced Latte, Cappuccino, Mocha, Espresso (97 mg) Lattes, iced lattes, cappuccinos, and mocha all hold 97 mg in a medium drink - not all that impressive. Your Guide to Alcohol Blood Testing Procedures, Dry January Too Dry for You? So, until more is known, its safer to err on the side of caution and limit your caffeine intake during pregnancy. Is There Caffeine In Hard Iced Tea Whiskey nerds try every WHITE CLAW for the first time (except tea) Yes, there is usually caffeine in hard iced tea. This is very similar to a cup of black tea brewed without any alcohol. Similar to water, White Claw will take about 6 hours to freeze completely, but it's best to leave them overnight in the freezer. Speaking of flavor, because white Claw tastes so good, people tend to drink more or it. ", "B.C. White Claw fan, Ben Shea, told Business Insider he hadn't heard of White claw when he first tried it, but now he's hooked. The mural helped cool off the London public for two weeks before being taken down. He is growing up in Maycomb, Alabama during the 1930s; a, Read More What Does Jem Expect the Verdict to Be?Continue, Yes, Sailor Jerry Rum is gluten free. These teas are commonly produced with the Camellia sinensis assamica tea plant, which is naturally higher in caffeine than the Camellia sinensis sinensis plants grown in Fujian. Sparkling water is just water that is naturally or unnaturally carbonated, and it does not contain additional preservatives or compounds. Does White Claw Tea Have Caffeine? Flavors: Ice Tea Lemon, Ice Tea Peach, Ice Tea Mango, Ice Tea Strawberry. The complete list of ingredients for White Claw is Purified carbonated water, alcohol, natural flavors, natural cane sugar, citric acid, sodium citrate. The answer to this question depends on a number of factors, including your weight, gender, and how much alcohol you typically drink. In addition, many malt beverages and wine coolers utilize barley in their brewing process as well, causing many options to be off the list for those looking for a fruity, portable beverage without all the gluten. Please come back and visit us when you're 21. By utilizing a very similar process as brewing beer, they are able to ferment sugar using their specialized yeast to break it down. If you have . If you've been lured in by hard seltzer, it's understandable you might think of it as better for you than beer or mixed drinks, or that it may even help you lose weight. Starbucks offers three kinds of hot brewed black Teavana teaEarl Grey, Royal English Breakfast and Organic Chai. White Claw Surge packs 3% more alcohol by volume when compared to other White Claw seltzers. Some wines or dessert wines also incorporate grain in their production process. Some even theorize that hard seltzers recent meteoric rise in popularity has reignited the publics interest in non-alcoholic seltzer, too. Whether youre looking for a refreshing lager or a hearty ale, youll be able to find what youre looking for at Royal Farms. This variety pack features four new flavorsCitrus Yuzu, Tropical Pomelo, Wildberry Acai and Watermelon Lime. [5] In the summer of 2019, it was reported that White Claw accounted for over half of all total hard seltzer sales in the United States; volume sales of White Claw grew 275% over the year prior. White Claw may be the most popular hard seltzer on the market, but it cannot claim the title of being the first hard seltzer on the market. Meanwhile, While Claws ABV is only 5% with the highest being 8% for White Claw Hard Seltzer Surge. Dont Miss: What Happened To The Twisted Tea Guy. According to Mashed, shoppers have spotted Kirkland-branded hard seltzers at Costco that look very much like White Claw's version. No, White Claw teas do not have caffeine. variety of flavors with White Claw Surf and the all-new White Claw REFRSHR Lemonade. A normal cup of white tea will contain 35mg to 70mg of caffeine in it. 10.5 How long does 2 White Claws last? However, only one blend of black iced tea is available. However, these teas can be sweetened with liquid cane sugar or any other sweetener at no additional charge. A tea lover is an earnest lover of tea because it has a refreshing, energising and soothing effect on the body and mind. How Many Carbs Are in Folgers Classic Roast Instant Coffee, Poland Spring Sparkling Energy Water (11.5 fl oz). All Registered Trademarks, used under license by White Claw Seltzer Works. For starters, its made with real tea leaves and has no artificial flavors or colors. Alcohol use disorder is associated with many health conditions, including alcoholic liver disease and certain types of cancer. All Rights Reserved. Caffeine is a stimulant that is found in coffee, tea, energy drinks, and chocolate. As for fortified wine, the average ABV is 18%, but it can range from 15.5% to 25%. The short answer is no, White Claw teas do not have caffeine. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. [9], In 2021, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) sought to re-classify White Claw in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, when importing the product. And if you're drinking it every day, Boyd said that overconsumption can cause "impairment, inflammation, dehydration and addiction." During the brewing process, the malt feeds the yeast, giving it nutrients throughout the fermentation stage and ultimately producing the carbon dioxide to create alcohol. But White Claw wasn't necessarily a new company that just fell from the sky. Meal Delivery Reviews. White Claw 70 contains just 70 calories per 12-ounce can, or 30 fewer calories than White Claw's original line of hard seltzers. Does White Claw Hard Seltzer contain caffeine? The amount of caffeine in hard iced tea can vary depending on how the tea is brewed and the ingredients that are used. They offer a large variety of products to choose from and even have recipes on their website that you can make. Though the benefits can vary widely from person to person, taking a month-long break from alcohol can do your body good. White Claw Hard Seltzer Iced Tea comes in a 12-can variety pack with four popular tea flavors - Lemon, Raspberry, Mango and Peach - all blending the perfect flavor balance of sustainably . In some ways, White Claw can be compared to beer because it goes through a similar fermentation process, but it's not quite the same exact method. White tea can be a great headache reliever, as this caffeine intake is good for your health. 10.12 Can you drive after a White Claw? Multiples studies have confirmed using cat's claw to naturally improve both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis symptoms. White Claw has experienced a meteoric rise over the past several years. REFRSHR comes in four distinctly unique flavor combinations: Limn with Calamansi, Blood Orange with Black Raspberry, Blackberry with Red Cherry, and Strawberry with Kiwi. Analysts expect hard seltzer to become a $30 million market by 2025, with White Claw remaining the top seller. Does Truly Iced Tea contain caffeine? According to Healthline, gluten is a protein, which is typically found in grains such as rye or barley. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. When it comes to tea, there are many different ways to make it. In mid-July 2022, the United Kingdom experienced a record-breaking heat wave. How much caffeine is in Mikes Hard iced tea? Instead, the company has continued to evolve with the introduction of several new products. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Does White Claw Hard Seltzer contain caffeine? If you regularly have more than two drinks a night, you could be binge drinking without realizing it. But it's not often you're chugging a stout at the beach or on a boat on the lake. Drinking too much hard seltzer can also lead to alcohol poisoning and other negative health effects from excess alcohol consumption. In France, red has a few different meanings. The result is a delicious, light and refreshing hard seltzer with 5% Alc/Vol, 100 calories and 2g carbs per can. According to AZ Central, the bar ran out of White Claws multiple times when they first introduced the game to their customers, as they all lined up to play. But whatever level of the pedestal you decide to place White Claw on, it's still made through a similar process as other malt beverages. 11", "Customs Bulletin Weekly, Vol. So, if youre planning to enjoy a couple of drinks, maybe grab a glass of water each time you snatch a White Claw from the fridge. Dont Miss: Is Green Tea Good For Upset Stomach. But how healthy or unhealthy are they, really? So, before you go singing the praises of White Claw, remember it was Bon & Viv that deserves the credit for creating a drink category that is currently worth nearly $13.5 billion (via Grand View Research). You can also make it with different types of milk, sweeteners, and even add spices. [21] Another manufacturing plant was open in Richland County, South Carolina, in May 2022.[22]. Its is a sweet and tart drink that is made with coconut milk, passion herbal tea, and sweetener. 10.6 Do White Claws give worse hangovers? While there is no definitive answer as to how much caffeine is in White Claw tea, it is safe to say that it does contain some caffeine. Available nationwide, the new White Claw Hard Seltzer Iced Tea is gluten-free, comes in at 100 calories and has 5% alcohol by volume (ABV). "The brand uses a proprietary brewing process that uses fermented sugar and a yeast strain that took a year to develop," they said. I actually think the flavor mix makes them quite tasty. Gajiwala told the Chicago Tribune, the sleek and slender can all adds to the experience. She said that while White Claw is a low-calorie alcoholic beverage touting only 100 calories per can, it should not be treated as a health drink. According to Town & Country, White Claw still goes through fermentation, but the procedure is very specific. Compared to regular soda and beer cans which measure 4.83 inches tall and 2.6 inches wide, White Claw stands 6.125 inches tall and measures 2.25 inches wide. There are no calories, sugar or carbs in the syrup and are great to use in your coffee, drinks and recipes when following the keto diet. Speaking of sugar, the alcohol in hard seltzer, such as brands like White Claw and Truly's, comes from fermented cane sugars rather than grain, which makes . They can also reach out to others, such as clergy or a social worker, he said. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration defines binge drinking as having 4 or more alcoholic beverages for women, or 5 or more alcoholic beverages for men, over the course of 2 to 3 hours. "Shea and his crew are not alone," said Bethany Biron for Business Insider. It can also negatively affect your work life, home life, and personal relationships. However, in order to have a sound and perfect sleep, avoid having a cup of white tea before going to bed. An alcohol use disorder is characterized by compulsive alcohol use, loss of control over alcohol intake, and a negative emotional state when not using, Conigliaro said. You need to enable JavaScript to run this app. Truly Iced Tea contains 9mg of caffeine per 12oz serving, which is comparable to less than 1/10th a cup of coffee. It's printed on the bottom of the label. Please Drink Responsibly. It can contribute to anxiety and depression, memory loss, and other mental health problems. Is There Caffeine In White Claw Iced Tea? White Claw boasts that they're a gluten-free option, naturally made with gluten-free ingredients, allowing a larger market to enjoy their sparkling beverages. However, on average, it takes about four cans of Truly hard seltzer to get the average person drunk. Launched in 2016, the 100-calorie, two-carbohydrate, five percent ABV fizzy treat now accounts for over half. Previously classified as "beer" (to which no tariffs apply), CBP felt the beverage belonged to the category of "other fermented beverages", to which tariffs do apply. White Claw Hard Seltzer does not contain caffeine.. What ingredients are in truly hard seltzer? Truly Iced Tea contains 9mg of caffeine per 12oz serving, which is comparable to less than 1/10th a cup of coffee. Three years later, it caught the eye of brewing powerhouse Anheuser-Busch, which purchased the company for an undisclosed sum. Because barley is used in the process of brewing beer, most beers are typically not gluten-free. In the United States, sodas that contain caffeine are legally required to disclose this information on the label. It has since joined the party and rebranded as Truly Hard Seltzer. Ketamine has been explored as a treatment for depression and other conditions. That means you can enjoy the pure taste of tea without any unwanted additives. While some brands add caffeine to their seltzers for an extra boost of energy, others use naturally caffeinated mineral waters as the base for their drinks. Experts say these alcoholic beverages can contain hidden calories. Yes, alcoholic iced tea does have caffeine. Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, "Customs Bulletin Weekly, Vol. thesamstorm 2 yr. ago. The amount of caffeine in alcoholic iced tea can vary, depending on how the tea is brewed and the type of alcohol used. Heres what you can expect in terms of nutrition for both of the White Claw 70 clementine and pineapple flavors, per 12-ounce can: Calories: 70 Sodium: 20 mg ABV: 5% Compared to the original 100-calorie White Claw hard seltzer, White Claw 70 has 30 less calories and 1.3% less alcohol, says Keri Gans, M.S., R.D.N, author of The Small Change Diet. Does Sweet Potato Juice Help In Weight Loss. [10] The reclassification was made final on June 2, 2021, having taken effect on August 1, 2021. There's no proof that White Claw alone is responsible for the change, but you don't need to be much of a detective to connect the dots. 10.8 Is White Claw a hard drink? For those with Celiac disease or gluten sensitivity, or for those who just prefer to avoid gluten because they feel better without it, White Claw has been an ideal option. Can you get an unsweetened Starbucks Chai Tea latte? A blend of carbonated water, alcohol, and fruit flavoring, they also tend to be light in alcohol and low in carbohydrates and calories. You May Like: Where Can I Find Green Tea Ice Cream. Discover a "As far as stomachaches, these can be caused by sweetened seltzers that often get their taste from sugar alcohols, which your gastrointestinal tract might have a tough time breaking down," Dr. Niket Sonpal told Bustle. White Claw, Bon & Viv, and Truly are three brands that are gluten-free, as they're made without barley or wheat. With such a spike in the market, a number of companies have introduced a malt-based cocktail beverage similar to White Claw including brands like Truly, Pure and Bon & Viv. If youre looking for a slightly less caffeinated option, LaCroix also offers a line of sparkling teas that are infused with natural fruit flavors. Each can contains between 10-20 mg of caffeine, depending on the flavor. White Claw is owned by Mark Anthony Brands, the same company that owns Mike's Hard Lemonade, which debuted in 1999. Typically, you also use more coffee beans than youd use tea leaves for a drink (12). "We are working around the clock to increase supply given the rapid growth in consumer demand," Sanjiv Gajiwala, the senior vice president of marketing at White Claw, told Business Insider. 55, June 2, 2021, No. One popular brand of hard seltzer called White Claw contains 100 calories and 2 grams of carbohydrates per 355 mL can, with an alcohol content of 5 percent. In French, the word red is rouge. Consider the effects of downing a margarita, which the NIH says contains 1.7 times the "pure alcohol" of a standard drinka 5 percent alcohol, 12-ounce beverage like White Claw. However, others believe that they are not halal, because they contain dairy products and artificial flavorings. How much alcohol is in White Claw Surge? And it's in the same line of beverages as its cousin, Mike's Hard Lemonade, as well as other portable drinks like Smirnoff Ice and wine coolers. The company was the pioneer of the flavored malt category by launching Mike's Hard, so it's no wonder they were one of the first to take the world by storm by introducing White Claw with its four original flavors (as of August 2019, there are six flavors). Some possible causes of heartburn from white claws could include the carbonation in the drink, the acidity of the fruit juices, or the sugar content. Sandy Vox, Assistant Sales Manager for the beer category at the Jewel-Osco supermarket chain, told the Chicago Tribune that shelf space in her stores is being transferred from domestic beer options to more room for hard seltzer. While there are plenty of stereotypes surrounding women ordering lighter cocktails like vodka sodas at the bar, that stereotype isn't necessarily translating to the White Claw overtaking. Which seltzer has caffeine? The water needs to be boiling in order for the tea to be made properly. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Alcohol even in small amounts can increase your risk of certain cancers and other health problems. White Claws have an alcohol content of 5%, which is similar to that of most beers. Jem, the eldest child of Atticus and Scout Finch, is a young boy on the cusp of adolescence. That very same day, White Claw came to the rescue with a particularly unique marketing ploy. Available in four flavors (Lemon, Raspberry, Mango, and Peach), each drink contains the same 100 calories and 5% ABV White Claw is known for. So far, White Claw doesn't have to put too much worry into the competition. It simply depended on which region of the country you were in. Tea seltzers are made by steeping tea in water and then adding carbonation. And if you're drinking it every day, Boyd said that overconsumption can cause "impairment, inflammation, dehydration and addiction." According to the ingredients list, these large iced tea bags are a blend of black teas. 3 months ago any girl drinking a white claw got their entire existence roasted by the same guys now posting snap stories saying "ain't no laws when you're drinking claws" marystebbins . Red is one of the three primary colors, along with blue and yellow. Whether you'd like to explore the science of addiction or read an honest narrative, find your next read with our top picks for books about addiction. [12] In 2019, White Claw was noted the top-selling hard seltzer in the country, with 60 percent of the category market. The shirts have since been taken down, but Wallace's video views continue to climb. This is from the black tea extract. White Claw Hard Seltzer is the nation's leading hard seltzer known for pure, crisp refreshment. This is 3% higher than the standard White Claw Hard Seltzer. [6], White Claw entered the Canadian market in 2020 with limited flavors, later expanding offerings. ", Retailers were forced to make do with whatever they could get, and thirsty consumers had to become early birds. Love Tea Club is a one-stop resource for everything you want to know about wonderful world of tea. Demand Prompted New Flavors. And if youre looking for an iced tea thats both delicious and caffeinated, Truly Iced Tea is a great option. Continue with Recommended Cookies. This code tells you when the product expires. Its calorie-free, hydrates your body, and doesnt come with any of the risks associated with alcohol consumption. Be sure you watch your calories and dont consume excess empty calories or you may start to see the scale ticking up over time. Hard seltzers may have fewer calories than beer, wine, and mixed cocktails per serving, and no added sugar, but they will still have calories, Mills said. Flavors include Lemon, Raspberry, Mango, and Peach. The game allows guests to try and catch a White Claw can with the claw machine. But what happens when hard seltzer replaces that? We decided to take a deep dive into the brand, looking at how White Claw is made, the controversies surrounding it, and all the ways (and reasons) it's trending on Instagram. Please come back and visit us when you're 21. Which has more caffeine coffee or ice tea? Other brands in the hard seltzer realm such as Truly are gluten-free as well, but others such as Henry's Hard Sparkling Cider or Nauti Seltzer can't make the same gluten-free claim. White Claw Hard Seltzer Iced Tea Variety Pack (12-Pack) $16.99 Target Buy It White Claw debuted in 2016 in Natural Lime, Black Cherry, Ruby Grapefruit, Raspberry, and Mango flavors. Trulys raspberry and peach flavors, on the other hand, contain only 2 grams of carbohydrates and 0 grams of sugars. But you might be wondering, do they have caffeine? And while it may resemble your favorite refreshing cocktail from the bar, according to Vine Pair, it's definitely not a vodka soda or the newest IPA on the market. White Claw has just announced their new sparkling iced tea line, available this month. In 2021, White Claw came out with White Claw Surge which has a higher alcohol content. Read Also: What Is The Best Tea For Losing Belly Fat. [12] The same year, the surge in White Claw's popularity was met with a national shortage. They also pack less alcohol than the original at 3.7% ABV. No, Mikes products do not contain caffeine. One of the most popular brands of caffeinated seltzer is Truly Tea Seltzer. So many people turn to them because they think they are a healthier alternative to other alcoholic beverages. According to a press release, the new line is the brand's first "full flavor offering." Then you need to check out White Claw Iced Tea! In September 2019, cases were flying off the shelves faster than they could be restocked, resulting in a nationwide shortage of White Claw (via Business Insider). Yes. So, if youre wondering does sparkling water have caffeine?, the answer is yes but it depends on the type of seltzer youre drinking. Just one 8.4 oz serving of Red Bull energy drink contains more than 26 g of sugar and 75 mg of caffeine, notes the USDA, and even the sugar-free version has 75 mg of caffeine. Those "full flavors" include Citrus Yuzu Smash, Tropical Pomelo Smash, Watermelon Lime Smash, and Wildberry Acai Smash. Yes, all black tea at Starbucks contains caffeine. Its low in calories Twisted Tea is known to have fewer calories as compared to other alcoholic beverages. The four-flavor variety is composed of Lemon, Mango, Peach, and Raspberryall of which are 100 calories, 1 gram of sugar, and 5% alcohol by volume per 12-ounce can. But registered dietitian at the Cleveland Clinic Wellness and Preventive Medicine Institute, Anna Kippen, MS, RDN, told the Food Network that even though youre technically drinking carbonated water, you are actually experiencing dehydration if you drink White Claw every night because it includes alcohol, which in and of itself is a diuretic. However, they are made with a type of tea leaf that does contain caffeine, so it is possible for trace amounts of caffeine to be present in the finished product. ), the latest addition to the already expansive lineup will include two tasty and fruitful flavors Blood Orange and. For instance, a 12-ounce can of Twisted Tea has only 220 calories while the same size can of beer has 153 calories. black In general, black and pu-erh teas have the highest amount of caffeine, followed by oolong teas, green teas, white teas, and purple teas. According to Business Insider, White Claw is leading the market with 50 percent of the hard seltzer share, but plenty of other beverage companies are hoping to catch up. While hard seltzer has a similar ABV as beer, it is gluten-free, making it a better option for those with a gluten intolerance. It's a product that many people prefer to use because it lacks caffeine more than other types of chocolate, which makes it ideal for them. If a pig is older than 8 months, it is considered bacon weight and is usually used for processed meats like ham and bacon. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Flavors: Limon with a hint of Calamansi, Blood Orange with a hint of Raspberry, Blackberry with a hint of Red Cherry, Strawberry with a hint of Kiwi. The alcohol content of a 12-ounce serving of White Claw is 5 percent. 100 calories; 1 G sugars per serving. If youre looking for a refreshing beverage thats also low in calories, iced tea is a great choice. If you drink as much White Claw as you would wine, you'll have ingested less alcohol. It also had just a whisper of fruit flavorgreat for folks who are used to beverages like LaCroix and Polar. does mike tyson support rangers; rance allen family photos; . Does white chocolate have caffeine? Pabst Blue Ribbon was actually the first to do it all the way back in 2019 when it released two 8% ABV seltzer flavors called Stronger Seltzer.In early March of this year, Truly Hard Seltzer launched Truly Extra a bigger, boozier version of their classic hard seltzer, also with 8% ABV. Low-carb, low-calorie beers have had much success introducing new products on the market, so it's only natural the malt beverage industry would follow suit. Chicago, IL 60661. Whereas truly iced tea on the other hand is also known for its refreshing flavor. Garnish with lime peel. [4] The brand experienced tremendous growth after its introduction in 2016. Starbucks does not sell decaf black tea. You'll find the expiration date on the back of the label. Ultimately, it is up to each individual to decide whether or not 9mg of caffeine a day is right for them. 10.11 Why don t White Claws make me drunk? The alcohol base (termed "beer base" in customs rulings) is composed of 51% sugar, smaller amounts of yeast and nutrients . But, here it is within this article of most of the Arizona Iced Tea caffeine content: Dont Miss: How To Make Honey Oatmilk Latte, You May Like: Cocoa Mocha Iced Signature Latte. ", "America is running out of White Claw hard seltzer", "How White Claw became so popular there's a nationwide shortage | Produced by Seattle Times Marketing", "Hard seltzer craze turns White Claw maker into a billionaire", "2019 Was Year Of White Claw Seltzer -- For Some, Trend Hard To Swallow", "What Beer Sales Tell Us About The Recession", "A White Claw factory is opening in Arizona this summer. In early 2022, the company debuted White Claw Surf. I love juicing because it keeps me healthy, happy, and productive. Our teas have 0% alcohol and are infused with natural flavors, giving you a delicious way to start your day. Following the video, Wallace released T-shirts with the same slogan, but according to Vine Pair, he was asked to stop selling them. Copyright 2023 - JuicerAdvices. As the story goes, an aspiring beverage entrepreneur named Nick Shields found himself at a Westport, Connecticut bar in 2012 when he overheard a group of women order vodka sodas. Truly Hard Seltzer, a crisp and refreshing hard seltzer with a hint of fruit flavor and just 100 calories. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Ahuge part of why White Claw is so loved is its calorie count. oz. White Claw Hard Seltzer is made with gluten-free ingredients. In addition, less shelf space is being devoted to craft brews as well to make room for the spike in popularity. White Claw has an expiration code on each bottle. Trulys lemon tea has no sugar and only two grams of carbohydrates, making it an excellent choice if you are looking for a low-sugar diet. 1. The Untold Truth Of White Claw Hard Seltzer.