difference between expansive and non expansive soil difference between expansive and non expansive soil

(2019). Why? Unexpensive adjective. Nuhfer, E. B. Click to Enlarge. All construction projects should include a soil analysis to identify the types This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). TABLE 3. Cracks that develop after expanded soil has dried allow more water to penetrate deeper into the soil causing more damage as time goes on. Then, the specimen stabilized at this deformation level. Eng. *Note Expansive soils are known to expand to 10% or more (and this is not uncommon). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Photo. Large cracks and fissures can also develop in the soil. The latter affects the distribution of internal stresses between the soil particles (Kehew, 1995). The amount of expansive minerals such as montmorillonite, vermiculite and some sulfate salts also affect how much a soil can expand. Clay and Marl Formation Susceptibility in Mila Province, Algeria. As water is absorbed, the clay particles move apart, increasing the swelling pressure (Elarabi, 2010). *Note Proper drainage is a must for expansive soil treatment. Foundation Analysis and Design. This change in volume can exert enough force and enough pressure on a home or other structure to cause serious cosmetic and structural damage. After observed results, the specimen swelling is noticed (Figures 14A,B). (1956). Landscape architects can design and build on sites with expansive soil if they get the right information and engineering guidance. The results of the moisture content effects on the expansive pressure were not consistent in the literatures. The Colloidal Activity of Clays, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Switzerland, 5761. 978-1-118-41799-7. Destruction of hydraulic structures such as buried pipelines, drains, sewage systems and irrigation systems are very dangerous and can be fatal in certain conditions. After fitting, non-soil pixels (marked in a . Int J Earth Sci Eng 4(6):4245, Al-Mukhtar M, Khattab S, Alcover JF (2012) Microstructure and geotechnical properties of limetreated expansive clayey soil. Technol. Some larger heavier structures are able to suppress pressure and movements associated with the volume changes of expansive soils. J Mater Civil Eng 19(3):242248, Neville AM, Brooks JJ (2004) Concrete technology. The oedometer cell is filled with water to ensure the soil saturation and continuous circulation of the water. Influence of Soil Suction on Swelling Pressure of Bentonite-Sand Mixtures. The novelty of the present study relies on adopting a different analysis, as compared to existing methods, based on oedometer data, especially the compression and swelling indices. Building and Road Research Institute. [2], Mitigation of the effects of expansive clay on structures built in areas with expansive clays is a major challenge in geotechnical engineering. on Lime Stabilization, Thomas Telford, London, pp 512, IS: 2720 (Part 10)-1973. Proc. In: Proceedings of 6th regional conference Africa on Soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Durban, South Africa, Osinubi KJ, Katte VY (1997) Effect of elapsed time after mixing on grain size and plasticity characteristic, I: soil-lime mixe. When expansive soils are present, they will generally not cause a problem if their water content A filter paper is used to separate the sand layer and the expansive clay layer. For instance, the soil swells during the high humidity season with induced deformation in a retaining wall. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0886-8_45, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0886-8_45, eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0). To take full and optimal advantage of the ideal Smart Cities, improvements are required to mitigate or adapt to this type of soil. To prevent the occurrence of the swelling phenomenon, the peripheral drainage trench revealed a suitable method to control water evacuation away from structural elements in contact with these problematic clays. Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. It is not meant to be used as a property evaluation tool. Particle size analysis is an important early assessment in the soil classification process. Kaolinite is considered a pure clay because its composition is rather consistent. Eng. Justin joins the Dalinghaus Construction family with a significant background in logistics and project management. 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. Taki, K., Bhattacharya, P. (2020). It is actually widely used to produce paper and is the main component in porcelain. Less than 50 percent of these areas are underlain by soils with clays of high swelling potential. (A) Swelling pressure applied to a foundation in contact with an expansive clay layer. J Eng Geol 17(27):139140, Fattah MY, Rahil FH, Al-Soudany KYH (2013) Improvement of clayey soil using rice husk ash. The swelling introduces positive skin friction along the pile and the requirement for force equilibrium means that the positive skin friction extends into the non-swelling soil. Expansive Soils are soils that have the ability to shrink and/or swell, and thus change in volume, in relation to changes in their moisture content. J. Geotech. Adjective. Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering. Amlioration des proprits physico-mcaniques des argiles gonflantes stabilises par ajout de sable de dune, in 3me Confrence Maghrbine en Ingnierie Gotechnique CMIG13, Alger, 221226. According to Holtz and Gibbs (1956), the conventional oedometer swell test is the most useful and reliable assessment of the swell potential. The oedometer cell is filled to ensure saturation and to compensate for the amount of absorbed water. Google Scholar, Nalbantoglu, Z (2006) Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK, Basha EA, Hashim R, Mahmud HB, Muntohar AS (2004) Stabilization of residual soil with rice husk ash and cement. They usually contain some form of expansive clay mineral, such as smectite or vermiculite, that are able to absorb water and swell, increasing in volume, when they get wet and shrink . This cycle of shrinkage and swelling places repetitive stress on structures, and damage worsens over time. Inexpensive adjective. The swelling phenomenon of soil occurs progressively and depends on the soil saturation and its clay structure (Medjnoun et al., 2014). Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests were carried out for different curing periods of 0, 3, 7, 21 and 28days. Master's thesis (College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University, USA). PubMedGoogle Scholar. While soils with larger particles, like gravels or even sands, have voids large enough to allow water to drain, expansive soils contain small particles that can retain high amounts of water content. Kaling Taki . (B) Swelling evolution of Case 2 specimen (47% Sand +53% S1) under 0.25kPa. In this study, two distinct oedometer tests are proposed: only with expansive clay sample (Figure 9A), with expansive clays sample plus a granular layer (Figure 9B). This swelling difference may be . As for mitigation, adequate methods to prevent the swell effect should be formulated. | Careers |Privacy policy | Terms and Conditions | Contact Us | Sitemap. Pedialyte (for after those hard nights when the other expansive soils soak up liqour like a sponge). Characteristic expansive or swelling materials are highly plastic clays and clay shales that often contain colloidal clay minerals such as the montmorillonites. Expansive soils shrink and swell in response to soil moisture levels. The damage done by expansive soils is then attributed to poor construction practices or a misconception that all buildings experience this type of damage as they age. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 55. However, each of these approaches may 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. Taki, K., Bhattacharya, P. (2020). is that extensive is in the nature of an extent, wide, widespread while expansive is able to be expanded. 3 Articles, Proceeding of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company Inc, Concluding Proceedings Engineering Effects of Moisture Change in Soils, International Research and Engineering Conference on Expansive Clay Soils. . When a soil contains a large amount of expansive minerals, it has the potential of significant expansion. FIGURE 10. Not all soils expand when wet but a number of fine grained clay minerals possess expansive qualities. In addition, these recommendations often include removal of the expansive soils, importation of non-expansive soils, soil chemical treatments, a post-tensioned or structural floor foundation, gutters, and downspouts. Foundations can be built with extensive reinforcements that can withstand the force generated from expansive soils. The relation of . Much of the world has at least some documentation of expansive soils. T. Am. (A) Oedometer curve of a Tunis El Manar Universitys non-expansive soil (SC2-EI21 sample) with Cc/Cs = 19.2. It is both common and growing in incidence. FIGURE 14. Determination of liquid and plastic limit (second revision), IS: 2720 (Part 26)-1987. All clays consist of mineral sheets packaged into layers, and can be classified as either 1:1 or 2:1. Copyright 2022 Bouassida, Manigniavy, Azaiez and Bouassida. The linear shrinkage test was conducted on elongated clayey soil samples to measure shrinkage deformation when the samples were placed in a brass mould and dried in an oven for 24 hours at a . X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope tests were carried out to study the mineralogical and microstructural properties of the soil. Second, a novel mitigation method of the swelling phenomena was validated by performing oedometer tests on expansive clay specimens preceding the measurement of swelling pressure. This article first introduces a new method of characterization of expansive clays after oedometer test results performed on intact saturated clay specimens. Geology.com. Fattah, M. Y., Salim, N. M., and Irshayyid, E. J. This shrinkage can remove support from buildings or other structures and result in damaging subsidence. 4th Indian reprint, Pearson Education, Delhi, Fang HY (1991) Foundation Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishing Company, Ola SA (1975) Stabilization of Nigeria lateritic soils with cement, bitumen and lime. Kaling Taki . The American Society of Civil Engineers estimates that 1/4 of all homes in the United States have some damage caused by expansive soils. J Construct Build Mater 19(2005):448453, Brooks RM (2009) Soil Stabilization with Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash. Civ. In: Proceedings of 6th regional conference Africa on Soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Durban, South Africa, Osinubi KJ, Katte VY (1997) Effect of elapsed time after mixing on grain size and plasticity characteristic, I: soil-lime mixe. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. A deeper look at expansive soils shows that they are typically made up of more than one third fine-grained clay and at least half of that clay is capable of expanding. The map soil categories would not apply for these locations. relatively low in price or charging low prices; 'it would have been cheap at twice the price'; 'inexpensive family restaurants'; Due to the externally applied stress and the capillary tension in the soil water, an equilibrium can be reached in the internal electrochemical system (Sahin, 2011). Learn more about our Innovation Center. First, the article suggests a new approach for characterizing expansive soils from oedometer test results and, second, the mitigation of swelling phenomenon by using a granular material, as an interface tested in a laboratory, for reducing the swelling pressure on foundations. - 51.255.122.1. When water is absorbed by a clayey soil which had shrunk by evaporation of pore water, the compression forces between soil particles reduces considerably and elastic expansion occurs and this cause swelling. Generally, the more clay content, the greater the potential for expansion. Springer, Singapore. Expansive soil or clay is considered to be one of the more problematic soils and it causes damage to various civil engineering structures because of its swelling and shrinking potential when it comes into contact with water. These areas are underlain by soils with little to no clays with swelling potential. Whilst when the Cc/Cs<10, one should consider calculating the swelling pressure. Oedometer swell test is applied to Case 2. Plaisted, M. D., and Zornberg, J. G. (2011). Data insufficient to indicate the clay content or the swelling potential of soils. In case of Lime the reduction in strength may be due to formation of the silica gel or excess Lime content beyond the optimum content may act as a lubricating agent between two-soil particle and reducing the shear resistance. Geology for Engineers and Environmental Scientists. As the name implies, expansive soils are expansive. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Department of Transportation. Countless buildings in many cities across the globe, both large and small, are built on expansive soils. The Tuesday, January 23, 2018 An Overview Expansive soils, also known as soils with high shrink-swell potential, are common in various geographic regions, especially the central portion of North America. Expansive soils have the ability to drastically swell based on the amount of expansive minerals and moisture that is present in the soil. The study focusses on comparative analysis of mechanical properties of Bentonite (expansive soil) and Kaolinite (non-expansive soil) treated with Lime and Rice Husk Ash (RHA). Some expansive minerals present in soils can expand as much as 30 percent! Eur. Bulletin No. Expansive clay is a clay soil that is prone to large volume changes (swelling and shrinking) that are directly related to changes in water content. From this figure, it is seen that data of non-expansive soils, characterised by a swell pressure lower or equal to nearly 50kPa belong to the side where Cc/Cs ratio is greater than 10. Some areas mitigate foundation cracking by watering around the foundation with a soaker hose during dry conditions. Since expansive soils are present in all 50 states, it is not possible to simply avoid expansive soils. expansive soil layers. Journal of Research and Reviews in applied Science 1:209217, Dash SK, Hussain M (2012) Lime Stabilization of Soils: Reappraisal. Soils with smectite clay minerals, including montmorillonite and bentonite, have the most dramatic shrink-swell capacity. Over 50% of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of slight to moderate swelling potential. Non-consideration of the current oedometer parameters can be thought of as a minor limitation that can be helpful. 2A assumes D-366. 2nd Edition. Given the swelling behaviour of this sample, an oedometer swell test was performed and discussed hereafter. The more of these minerals that are present, the greater the possibility of expansion when moisture is introduced. The Use of Piers to Prevent the Uplifting of Lightly Loaded Structure Founded on Expansive Soil, in Concluding Proceedings Engineering Effects of Moisture Change in Soils, International Research and Engineering Conference on Expansive Clay Soils. In case of non-expansive soil, it was 3.5 times higher in Lime than RHA treatment. When the soil contains very little expansive minerals, it has little expansive potential. Wang, J. X. From collected data, Figure 5 plots the variation of the swell pressure vs Cc/Cs ratio. Hence, the Tunisian Ministry of Equipment, building and infrastructures have made it a priority of special attention when designing foundations on expansive clays. (Check out our5 Types of Residential Foundations Popular in America: A Brief Foundational Overview. This continuous cycle of wet to dry soil keeps the soil in perpetual motion causing structures built on this soil to sink or rise unevenly, often requiring foundation repair. This pressure can be as great as5,000pounds per foot. As a noun cheap is trade; traffic; chaffer; chaffering. Click to Enlarge. Expansion and contraction with changes in moisture content limit expansive soils engineering uses without some sort of modification. Soils are composed of a variety of materials, most of which do not expand in the presence of moisture. ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 24(6):707714, Yadu L, Tripathi RK, Singh D (2011) Comparison of fly ash and rice husk ash stabilized black cotton soil. Herrin M, Mitchell H (1961) Lime-soil mixtures. Tiwari, N., Saytam, N., and Patva, J. Expansive clay sample S1 grain size distribution shows that the dimensions of 91% of the particles is inferior to 80m. For lightweight aggregate product, see. Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology (1999). Symp. Documented evidence of the existence of and difficult engineering problems associated with expansive clays and loessial soils is world-wide. Received: 15 December 2021; Accepted: 15 February 2022;Published: 24 March 2022. *Note - Expansive soils are known to expand to 10% or more (and this is not uncommon). Expansive soil is a soil/clay (such as montmorillonite or bentonite) that is prone to expansion or shrinkage due directly to variation in water volume. This article is about natural soils that swell. Figures 7A,B show the difference between the respective oedometer curves of a non-expansive soil and an expansive soil, however without having any notice about the measurement of the free swell. Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests were carried out for different curing periods of 0, 3, 7, 21 and 28days. Therefore, based on those two classification methods the swelling characterization is not confirmed. Now, expansive soils are referred to by names, including expanding soil, expansive clays, shrink-swell soils, and heavable soils. While many types of clays expand when they come in contact with water, not all do. Front. S1 expansive clay characteristics. A threshold value of the ratio C c /C s was identified to distinguish between expansive clay specimens and non-expansive clay specimens. He now manages the marketing department and creates everything that you see from us digitally. After 01h 38min from the beginning of the free swell test, the applied load to the specimen is increased to the observed swelling. Elarabi, H. (2010). There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to effects on prostate volume and residual . Proc. Damages in retaining walls at the National Engineering School of Tunis (Manigniavy, 2021). 88 (3), 5387. Expansivesoils are responsible for both these phenomena. IOP Conf. The unique load on the sample is the mass of the porous stone which is converted to a pressure of 0.25kPa. The engineer may recommend apost tension slabfor a new home for example orpush/helicalpiers to push through the active zone of soil to hitbedrockfor an existing project. Meanwhile, there is a high probability of cracks appearance in the soil. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The temperature in the distilled water in the lab was 24C. of expansive soils can be found in all of the soil categories shown on this Recent research on local expansive clays has focused on the Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) describes the non-malignant enlargement of the prostate. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IIT Kharagpur. Indian Standard IS:1498 (1970). This change in volume can exert enough force on a building or other structure to cause damage. Cracks in walls and ceilings will also be consistent with differential heave. This is due to the weakness of layer liaisons. doi:10.1007/s10706-010-9341-5. In contrast, the title of emperor is usually conferred by way of hereditary succession, though in some . Expansive soils generally contain some form of clay mineral that is able to absorb water and swell when wet then shrink when dry. Second, the implementation of a scaled test model might lead to a better assessment of the use of a granular layer to mitigate the swelling effect. Inael 1 (1), 2933. Activity, noted Ac, is calculated as the ratio between the plasticity index and the percentage of particles of dimensions less or equal to 2m. These soils are fine-grained clay minerals comprised of illites, kaolinites, or montmorillonites. 2017, 115. Foundations on Expansive Soils. Whilst, in the warm season, the expansive soil shrinks, then fissures appear (Figures 3A,B) which will be filled by dust or also by plants growing in it. Certain soils can absorb a high amount of water resulting in an increase in volume and swell. Soil Mech. Ann. Testing of Expansive Clays in a Centrifuge Permeameter, in Pan-Am CGS Geotechnical Conference. It is useful for learning areas where expansive soils underlie a significant Although expansive soils can be located in almost every state, the problems related to expansive soils are the most severe and widespread in California, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado and other western/southern states. Civan, F. (2016). How To Identify Expansive Soils. CE32 No.3. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1989)115:1(1). in expansive soil as is illustrated in Fig. Audi S Line Logo Volante Interno Adesivo Emblema Autoadesivo NERO. 121, 641663. 8:836277. doi: 10.3389/fbuil.2022.836277. (archaic) Not expensive; inexpensive. The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. Clay particles are plate-shaped, having a negative charge on their surface in presence of the interstitial water solution and water molecules. BM: principal investigator; S.A. Manigniavy: PhD fellow D. Azaiez: Ph D fellow Y. Bouassida: co supervisor of PhD fellow. Case 2: Upward vertical displacement vs time displayed in Figure 14B shows a different evolution as recorded for the specimen case 1 (Figure 14A). Furthermore, soil replacement, use of strong enough structures and structure isolation from the swelling clay are among the three most commonly used techniques (Kalantari, 2012). J Eng Geol 30:141149, Saeed KA, Kassim KA, Yunus NZ, Nur H (2013) Characterization of hydrated lime-stabilized brown kaolin clay. Financial Support from IIT Kharagpur is gratefully acknowledged. The cost of repairing these damages is quite high (Osman and Charlie, 1983; Nuhfer, 1994; Azam et al., 2013). Check out our exhaustiveUltimate Guide To Foundation Repair. Admixtures can be added to expansive clays to reduce the shrink-swell properties, as well.[3]. MATEC Web of Conferences 11, 03004. doi:10.1051/matecconf/20141103004, Medjnoun, A., and Bahar, R. (2016). Comparison of Cc/Cs ratio method to others methods. Chemical treatment of expansive clays and improvement solutions, like using granular material, were proposed (Gueddouda et al., 2013; Fattah et al., 2017, etc.). expansive definition: 1. very happy to talk to people in a friendly way: 2. covering a large area: 3. very happy to. Based on oedometer curves, when the Cc/Cs ratio exceeds 10, the soil is concluded to be either non-swelling or its swelling potential is negligible. 115 (1), 121. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Photo. This involves excavation of expansive soil and replacement with non-expansive material, where the depth of active zone (depth from ground surface wherein seasonal moisturethe shear strength of foundation expansive soils. Int J Earth Sci Eng 4(6):4245, Al-Mukhtar M, Khattab S, Alcover JF (2012) Microstructure and geotechnical properties of limetreated expansive clayey soil. CP.3/83. Res. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Over 50 percent of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of slight to moderate swelling potential. When cations migrate, the interlayer is shifted because of the weak liaisons between the clay particles (Figure 2B). Sahin, H. (2011). A&M, Texas, 152171. On the other hand, when expansive soils dry out, they decrease in volume and shrink. An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering. Expansive soils behave differently from other normal soils due to their tendency to swell and shrink. One important difference between king and emperor lies in the rules governing succession to the title. * 1855 , Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society (volume 9, page 205) An effectual and unexpensive mode of Protecting Wall-Trees from Spring-Frosts. Manigniavy, S. A. Expansive soils are present throughout the world and are known in every US state. As ions are retained by clay particles in expansive soils (Figure 2B), there is a movement of water from low ionic concentration areas to high ionic concentration areas inside the clay. Every year they cause billions of dollars in damage. Less than 50% of these areas are underlain by soils with clays of high swelling potential. Two cored samples, noted S1 and S2 (Figure 10; Table 4), have been extracted at the site of the National Engineering School of Tunis at a depth of 0.6 m (Figures 3A,B). Damage to a home caused by expansive soils can be catastrophic for a homeowner. FIGURE 8. As adjectives the difference between inexpensive and cheap is that inexpensive is low in price while cheap is low and/or reduced in price. According to . Expansive soils swell when exposed to large amounts of water and shrink when the water evaporates. Data insufficient to indicate the clay content or the swelling potential of soils. New York: Elsevier Publisher B.V. Chen, F. H. (1965). In case of Lime the reduction in strength may be due to formation of the silica gel or excess Lime content beyond the optimum content may act as a lubricating agent between two-soil particle and reducing the shear resistance. The cost of repairs and mitigation can be extremely high - it sometimes exceeds the value of the home. Determination of free swell index of soils, Sivapullaiah PV, Sridharan A (2005) Mini compaction test apparatus for fine. Source: Map courtesy of https://geology.com/articles/soil/. The experiments have been conducted on the clayey soil samples were to determine physical and chemical properties. (A) Swelling evolution of an expansive clay (Case 1) under different loads. remains constant. Fissures in the soil can also develop. Waterproof barriers, proper surface grading and other water flow controls such as rain gutters and French drains can be used to control water penetration. FIGURE 1. This change in volume is not stable, resulting in pressure that can be detrimental to construction projects. The swelling phenomenon in expansive clays is complex and arises from an electrochemical process. Al-Busoda, B. S., Abid Awn, S. H., and Obaid, H. (2017). A reduction in deformation of 21.4% is observed, then, follows the decrease in the swelling pressure compared to the tested specimen case 1. Cracked foundations, floors, and basement walls are typical types of damage done by swelling soils. FIGURE 2. Chemical Treatment of Expansive Soil by Different saline Solutions, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, Tunisia, 341349. Symp. There is a strong correlation between swelling characteristics and basic soil parameters (Kim et al., 2013). NSE Technical Transactions 32(4):6576, Osula DOA (1991) lime modification of problem laterite. Read the following articles to get a better understanding of the signs and symptoms: If you think that you might have expansive soils and are concerned it might be impacting your home, health, or peace of mind, click on our link below for a FREE foundation inspection if you live in Central AZ or Southern California , Your email address will not be published. Kehew, E. A. Caractrisation et estimation du gonflement des argiles algriennes, cas des argiles de Mda. (B) Oedometer curve of a Tunis El Manar Universitys expansive soil (SC1-EI14 sample) with Cc/Cs = 4.2. Expansive clay is a clay soil that is prone to large volume changes (swelling and shrinking) that are directly related to changes in water content. University of Khartoum, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2019: IGC 2019, Volume 4, This article is part of the Research Topic, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2022.836277. Seed, H. B., Woodward, R. J., and Lundgren, R. (1962). A sagging or uneven roof can also be the result of soil expansion and shrinkage. The mineral make-up of this type of soil is responsible for the moisture retaining capabilities. Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics pp 553563Cite as, Part of the Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering book series (LNCE,volume 55). Inexpensive adjective. This water movement generates pressure and, consequently, induces the swelling of the clay (Sahin, 2011). According to the BETand Newman methods, the SSA can Since 1994 Mintek Resources, Inc. has provided solutions to the Environmental, Construction, Agricultural, Oil & Gas, Waste Water Treatment, Industrial markets & more. TABLE 1. 2.2 Testing Procedure. Expansive Soils and Practice in Foundation Engineering, in Louisiana Transportation Conference, Baton Rouge. The permeability coefficient of the lime-treated soil is larger than that of the untreated expansive soil under the same compactness; however, for the approximate dry density, the difference of . There is, then, a brief bibliographic review of the damage occasioned by expansive soils, with proposed methods for their classification and methods of mitigation of the swelling phenomena.