life 2021 sap nat nature life 2021 sap nat nature

For all intervals except ages 01, 15 and 90+, the interval length n is 5 years wide. Second, COVID-19 disrupted primary care services in Brazil27. Barberia, L. G. & Gmez, E. J. Also, the states with extreme values changed only for e65 for both sexes, with the lowest shifting from Roraima in 2019 to Amazonas in 2020. Marques, N. P. et al. <> Noronha, K. V. M. S. et al. Med. Ultrason. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Excess mortality in Brazil: a detailed description of trends in mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Phys. Labels above bars indicate the states with extreme (high and low) life expectancies in 2019 and 2020. McNeill, I. C. & Sadeghi, S. M. T. Thermal stability and degradation mechanisms of poly(acrylic acid) and its salts: Part 1-poly(acrylic acid). Nat. Estimates are presented by sex and state, and we measured and compared changes across states and in femalemale gaps in life expectancy. 1c), broadly mirroring the patterns across states (Fig. When closed-loop processes are unavailable, an alternative, known as open-loop chemical recycling can be utilized. Disruption in treatment and diagnosis of tuberculosis and HIV might increase mortality over the next 5 years30. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. M.C.C. 4d). Lancet Respir. Rev. Because these data are not available by age and sex, we used de-identified publicly available data on severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) hospitalizations from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (Sistema de Informao de Vigilncia Epidemiolgica da Gripe, or SIVEP-Gripe, in Portuguese). Self-wetting adhesive composition. Scope: Assists in troubleshooting SAP transactions; provide support to operations and maintenance. Changes in e0 can reflect differences in expected longevity between two periods, such as before versus during a pandemic. Estimated change in e0 (c) and e65 (d) in 2021. First, we estimate that COVID-19 deaths in the first 4 months of 2021 have already reduced e0 by 1.8 years, and the ultimate effect on 2021 e0 will be even greater. This approach was inspired by the similar structures of sodium polyacrylate (superabsorbent polymer) and the polyacrylates (pressure-sensitive adhesives) used in tapes, bandages, and sticky notes, among others23. Spatiotemporal pattern of COVID-19 spread in Brazil. Reaction conditions and yields for acid-catalyzed esterification of poly(acrylic acid), acetic acid, and undecanoic acid. Fornof, A. R. et al. <>/Metadata 190 0 R/ViewerPreferences 191 0 R>> What it lacks is leadership commitment to save lives. % IBGE. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. )fdg{ca8L[2!/5\r>yGFB]Jd0EH|-v6fmxtlv^{@-0x@oOXLx1)&f@4M6"S6,+I"zvM7AC ~z:Wy{wF3JkGZpd\ _] 7N8cPi} 88, 5670 (2019). CAS Vilseck, J. In January 2021, Manaus witnessed one of the most tragic scenarios of overwhelmed hospital capacity, running out of not only hospital beds but also oxygen22. Mechanical recycling is not feasible because the crosslinks prevent melting. We showed that a largely unmitigated pandemic, in a context of local inequalities, resulted in a high and unequal mortality burden. 8,17). Khoo, S. C. et al. The transformation relies on an (i) acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, (ii) optional chain-shortening via sonication, and (iii) a highly efficient esterification driven by hydrophobicity. The magnitude of the COVID-19 death toll was not homogenous across states and was associated with the pattern of spread18. Degrad. a, Ratio of COVID-19 deaths reported in 2021 (JanuaryApril) to those reported in 2020 (%). The resulting acidic polymer solutions were used directly in the subsequent experiments without any isolation steps. https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cdha/latinmortality/wp-content/uploads/book_Ch2.pdf (2015). We also calculated state inequalities in life expectancy, measured as the difference between the lowest and the highest state life expectancy, to assess changes due to COVID-19 (Methods). Therefore, our estimates would not be seriously affected by missing deaths unless a different pattern of errors emerges in 2020. 10, 48754880 (2019). The materials, equipment, synthetic methods, as well as all processed data generated in this study are provided in the Supplementary Information file. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Report 19: the potential impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on HIV, TB and malaria in low- and middle-income countries. Applicants wishing to apply for more than one topic, must submit a separate proposal under each topic. In addition to your salary, Elevance Health offers benefits such as, a comprehensive benefits package . Super absorbent polymer recycling to pressure sensitive adhesives. Proc. XWPH.c0vyT0GA&AEO_18Py7%ZN&d"h%I.[Al} xlTBbp~VXaUL|y17 Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. J. Adhes. To summarize, we developed a facile and potentially scalable method to synthesize commercially relevant PSAs by open-loop recycling poly(acrylic acid) sourced from a leading diaper manufacturer. Part B 52, 873896 (2013). LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance Each project application under the call must address only one of these topics. 4). That is, the PSAs are soft enough to flow and wet a substrate at the bonding frequency, while hard enough to hold onto a substrate, and peel cleanly at the debonding frequency. States in the North and Northeast have the worst indicators of income inequality, poverty, access to infrastructure and availability of physicians and hospital beds12,13. The Kick-off meeting of the LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE TURTLENEST project will be held on January 20 in Rome, at the Legambiente headquarters. For decades, mechanical recycling has been used to recover some value from waste polymers, although recycling rates are low2 and the material quality is often reduced. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Decrosslinking has been reported using ozonolysis16, though not for the purposes of mechanical recycling. More specifically, we compared four different cradle-to-product LCA scenarios: poly(2-ethylhexylacrylate) production in the conventional industrial approach and three variations of the recycling process: (i) sonicating the 2.5% w/v polymer solution for 1min, (ii) sonicating the 5.0% w/v polymer solution for 2min, and (iii) no sonication of the 5% w/v polymer solution. The consequences of that death toll can be measured by e0, which indicates the average number of years a newborn would be expected to live if born in a specific year and subject to the prevailing mortality rates in that year throughout life. <>/Metadata 249 0 R/ViewerPreferences 250 0 R>> Rev. The results from both of these experiments demonstrate that the equilibrium lies far towards the esterification product. 1d). Numbers above. ISPRA Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (Carl Hanser Verlag 2012). Through a multidisciplinary approach, the project intends to improve the conservation status of Caretta caretta, thanks to the establishment of an international network, through the use of the best shared techniques and the use of a monitoring system. Both methods resulted in larger estimates of life expectancy decline compared to the difference between 2019 and 2020 period life tables (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2): for example, for Brazil (both sexes), the decline in e0 was estimated at 1.92 years (DT20) and 1.67 years (DT19) versus 1.31 years (difference between 2019 and 2020 life tables). Castro, M. C. et al. J. Creton, C. Pressure-sensitive adhesives: An introductory course. We also thank Prof. Charlie Brooks for providing GPU computing resources. MRS Bull. For 2019 and 2020, our estimates include deaths from all causes registered in the Mortality Information System. Responsible for the full life-cycle of the first infotainment system in the market, AutoPC built with Microsoft. State-level gains in longevity achieved over years or even decades were reversed by the pandemic. Proposals under this topic must address EU Nature and Biodiversity legislation compliance assurance and access to justice by:- establishing new or, where in place, enhancing existing cross-border, national or regional networks of compliance assurance practitioners or experts; and/or establishing or, where in place, improving professional Correspondence to c, Bivariate choropleth map of the estimated change in e0 and e65 in 2020 based on the difference from life tables calculated for 2019 and 2020 by state. Mechanically-induced chemical changes in polymeric materials. Science 372, 821826 (2021). 1b and Supplementary Table 2)5. CAS Rev. Smith, D. W. & Bradshaw, B. S. Variation in life expectancy during the twentieth century in the United States. Nature and Biodiversity ID LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE . USA 118, e2014746118 (2021). Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48 - 00144 Roma (I) Soil Environ. M.C.C., N.G., T.A. . Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil. Globally, there have been significant efforts towards recycling the components of diapers28. Also in May 2021, the first case of the Delta variant (B.1.617.2), first detected in India, was reported in Brazil26. D.I.C., M.I.J., and E.N.G.M. Faria, N. R. et al. M.C.C. The potential of superabsorbent polymers from diaper wastes to enhance water retention properties of the soil. For each state and sex, we calculated the difference between the two life tables to estimate reductions in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19 (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2). Second, we used deaths from all causes by age, sex, cause of death and state of residence provided by the Mortality Information System from the Ministry of Health for 2019 (n=1,345,543) and 2020 (n=1,541,556). Among the states, Amazonas lost approximately 60% for both sexes and 68% among males. In 15 states (including the entire Southeast region), this loss was higher among males (Fig. Future Market Insights (FMI). Fundao Oswaldo Cruz. Missed childhood immunizations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: analyses of routine statistics and of a national household survey. They might reduce access to and coverage of primary care and increase infant mortality and avoidable deaths. & van der Schaar, M. Ethnic and regional variations in hospital mortality from COVID-19 in Brazil: a cross-sectional observational study. Prod. Nevertheless, the estimates might still suffer from incomplete and/or delayed reporting of deaths, especially those for 2021, with potential variation in completeness across states. Previous studies used this approach to estimate life tables in the presence of COVID-19 (refs. As of 23 May 2021, P.1 was the most prevalent strain in the country (92% of the samples analyzed)25. 276, 123350 (2020). Ellen MacArthur Foundation. We used several data sources to estimate the changes in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19 by state and sex in Brazil. Degrad. Sonochem. After more than 195,000 lives were reported to have been lost in 2020 to COVID-19, no policy changes have appeared in 2021. . 99, 99106 (2015). As expected, the VWs are higher with larger Mw, which is due to the increased chain entanglements. Rahimi, A. Among states, Amazonas lost 60.4% of the improvements in e0 since 2000. Fifth, reductions in the health budget and changes in the health financing model are likely to affect health outcomes40. Article The G at each frequency describes an adhesives resistance to shear, and this term generally increases in samples with more chain entanglements (e.g., with increasing Mw). Third, because local health authorities have 60 d to report deaths from any cause, delayed death registration might be an issue in 2021, and, thus, for the first 4 months of 2021, we used confirmed COVID-19 deaths as reported by Brasil.io, which compiles epidemiological bulletins from the 27 state health departments. Acrylic acid and derivatives. Health 7, e1575e1583 (2019). Lotta, G., Wenham, C., Nunes, J. Ranzani, O. T. et al. When acetic acid was reacted with 2-ethylhexanol/water, we observed a 94% conversion. ACS Macro Lett. Single phase. We created data visualizations in R, ArcMap version 10.8 (ESRI) and Adobe Illustrator CS6. Second, in contrast to DT19 and DT20, the method based on the difference in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020 makes no assumption about independence of causes of death (that is, that the risks of dying from other causes are unaffected by the addition or elimination of COVID-19 mortality), an assumption that was almost certainly violated during the pandemic. To calculate person-years for 2020, we first interpolated population projections, assuming exponential growth by age, sex and state, for the first day of each month in 2020. In Amazonas, male e65 was estimated to decline by 20% from 2019 to 2020. Collias, D. I. et al. Nat. Article Rio Grande do Sul, in the South, was the only state with an estimated increase in e0 from 2019 to 2020 for both sexes (0.07 years) but a decline for males of 0.11 years. As of 25 May 2021, 20 of the 27 capital cities have intensive care unit occupancy above 80% (half of those above 90%)20. Silveira, M. F. et al. Arena, U., Ardolino, F. & Gregorio, F. D. Technological, environmental and social aspects of a recycling process of post-consumer absorbent hygiene products. Child immunization was reduced, particularly among impoverished children in the North region29. In contrast, few studies have examined recycling of the sodium polyacrylate superabsorbent polymers. We offer five reasons as to why. Duque, D. Auxlio Emergencial faz pobreza cair em plena pandemia. y?UT=*b!k jV/d=ucKW|8pJ{XCz"Xb3lhUY?|4~'"nj(\9c XP9@p*;+dw. As many countries speed up vaccination coverage and witness declines in cases and deaths, Brazil lags behind. & Garca, J. M. Chemical recycling of waste plastics for new materials production. 3). We estimated a reduction of 1.31 years in e0 from 2019 to 2020 (Fig. Alarifi, A. S. & Aouak, T. Synthesis of acrylic or methacrylic acid/acrylate or methacrylate ester polymers using pervaporation. We assumed that those dying in a given month from any cause contributed, on average, 0.5/12 person-years, whereas the contribution of survivors was 1/12 person-years. Surprisingly, even when excess H2O was intentionally added (3 equiv), high conversions were still observed (Supplementary Information pgs S15S16). Informao Demogrfica e Socioeconmica. Inicio / Programas UE / LIFE2027 / LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV (LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV) - NATURE GOVERNANCE. Teikti paraik ia. 8). As of 9 June 2021, COVID-19 has officially claimed more than 3.7 million lives worldwide, 48% of which were in the Americas. Vaupel, J. W., Villavicencio, F. & Bergeron-Boucher, M.-P. Demographic perspectives on the rise of longevity. Characterisation of the first 250,000 hospital admissions for COVID-19 in Brazil: a retrospective analysis of nationwide data. https://www.statista.com/statistics/282732/global-production-of-plastics-since-1950 (2020). The ecoinvent database version 3 (part I): overview and methodology. 3b). 79, 22302244 (2001). M.S. 4 0 obj Picture: Matt Roberts/Getty Images. Andrady, A. L. Before COVID-19, e0 in Brazil lagged behind many countries in Asia, Europe and the Americas. The change in the Helmholtz free energy of esterification for these two steps (A) was found to be 0.70.1kcal/mol. Recycling methods that utilize these waste polymers could attenuate their environmental impact. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV - Nature Governance LIFE-2021-CET-LOCAL - Technical support to clean energy transition plans and strategies in municipalities and regions LIFE-2021-CET-PDA - Disruptive PDA - Technical Assistance to advance market boundaries for sustainable energy investments 8, 1450414510 (2020). Thiounn, T. & Smith, R. C. Advances and approaches for chemical recycling of plastic waste. ADS Nature and Biodiversity ). 2 Topics under the 2021 call 1. Everyone involved in adoptionbirthparents, adoptive parents, adoptees, adoption professionals, and beyonddeserves support when they need it. J. Org. To achieve the necessary cohesive and holding strength for a PSA, the polymer (after esterification) should have a Mw>400kg/mol25,36. & Garenne, M. The 1918 influenza epidemics effects on sex differentials in mortality in the United States. Lancet 396, 365366 (2020). Giving superabsorbent polymers a second life as pressure-sensitive adhesives, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24488-9. Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.02.21252772 (2021). The complex viscosity again dropped several orders of magnitude over 24h, at which point no further changes were observed, again suggesting that most crosslinks have been hydrolyzed (Supplementary Fig. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Proc. Excitingly, a viable central region pressure-sensitive adhesive is accessible without any sonication. The Nature and Biodiversity sub-programme will aim at the protection and restoration of Europe's nature and halting and reversing biodiversity loss. CAS Our results quantify the effect of the COVID-19 death toll on life expectancy in Brazil. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Eng. To circumvent these challenges, the water by-product can be selectively removed via azeotropic distillation, or a large excess of alcohol can be employed44,45. x\[s8~w! https://doi.org/10.25561/78670 (Imperial College London, 2020). La Commissione europea ha pubblicato i primi bandi del programma LIFE 2021-2027 per l' ambiente, il clima e l' energia . and C.M.T. 1 0 obj In closed-loop chemical recycling, chemical transformations are used to cleave the polymer into its monomers (depolymerization), or to create a polymer with equivalent function12. https://www.vitalstrategies.org/resources/excess-mortality-in-brazil-a-detailed-description-of-trends-in-mortality-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/ (2020). Chem. 21, 12181230 (2016). CAS When we started back in 1995, we were the first company in the world to provide a new kind of electricity- the green kind. a, Change (in years) in the femalemale gap in e0 and e65 based on the difference from life tables calculated for 2019 and 2020 by state and sex. H2SO4 with heating (Fig. First, differences in these period life expectancies capture both direct and indirect mortality effects of COVID-19 in 2020. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003). Percentage loss due to COVID-19 mortality relative to increases in female and male e0 (a) and e65 (b) between 2000 and 2020 by state. As with 2020, for both e0 and e65, the lowest declines in 2021 were concentrated in the Northeast, whereas the South, which had relatively smaller declines in 2020, is estimated to have a much greater loss in 2021. In contrast, when acetic acid was reacted with ethanol/water, the conversion was only 68%. R. Soc. xCv+}jE`MGA-k8E5YYM and M.I.J. endobj The global annual production of this class of materials is estimated to be over 2 million metric tons, with disposable diapers claiming 74% of the market13. Giving superabsorbent polymers a second life as pressure-sensitive adhesives. The impact of COVID-19 on people with diabetes in Brazil. Tang, H., Luan, Y., Yang, L. & Sun, H. A perspective on reversibility in controlled polymerization systems: recent progress and new opportunities. Blackwhite risk differentials in COVID-19 (SARS-COV2) transmission, mortality and case fatality in the United States: translational epidemiologic perspective and challenges. Molecules 23, 2870 (2018). 9, 407418 (2021). A life cycle assessment was used to compare the routes that involved (i) no sonication, (ii) sonication for 1 min (2.5% w/v) and (iii) sonication for 2 min (5.0% w/v), including the workup steps,. Santos, M. C. et al. In this study, we used data on reported total deaths in 2020 and in JanuaryApril 2021 to measure and compare the death toll across states. Ohara, T. et al. Considering the large COVID-19 death toll in Brazil, with marked regional inequalities, our goal was to quantify the loss in e0 and e65 in 2020 and in the first 4 months of 2021 due to the pandemic. In a previous paper, we described the spatiotemporal patterns of the spread of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Brazil18. J. First, as our main specification, we constructed period life tables that considered deaths by state, sex and age group. To avoid inconsistencies between life tables estimated for 2019 and 2020, we applied the same methodology to 2019. Therefore, we estimated the provisional decline in life expectancy in 2021 thus far; this estimate is based on the DT19 method noted earlier but, in this case, adding confirmed 2021 COVID-19 deaths to the deaths expected among those who did not die of COVID-19, who are assumed to be subject to 2019 mortality rates for the remainder of 2021 (Supplementary Table 11). An international comparison of age and sex dependency of COVID-19 deaths in 2020: a descriptive analysis, A population-based cohort study of socio-demographic risk factors for COVID-19 deaths in Sweden, Years of life lost to COVID-19 in 81 countries, Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of HIV Mortality in China: Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016, Disease and healthcare burden of COVID-19 in the United States, Impact of COVID-19 on older adults and role of long-term care facilities during early stages of epidemic in Italy, Global ecological analysis of COVID-19 mortality and comparison between the East and the West, Short- and medium-term impacts of strict anti-contagion policies on non-COVID-19 mortality in China, Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2, https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/social/population/18176-population-projection.html, https://opendatasus.saude.gov.br/nl/dataset, https://github.com/mcastrolab/Brazil-Covid19-e0-change/tree/main/data, https://github.com/mcastrolab/Brazil-Covid19-e0-change/tree/main/code, https://www.vitalstrategies.org/resources/excess-mortality-in-brazil-a-detailed-description-of-trends-in-mortality-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/, https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cdha/latinmortality/wp-content/uploads/book_Ch2.pdf, https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php/biblioteca-catalogo?id=297884&view=detalhes, https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.02.21252772, https://portal.fiocruz.br/sites/portal.fiocruz.br/files/documentos/boletim_covid_2021_extraordinario_maio.pdf, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/14/brazil-manaus-amazonas-covid-coronavirus, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.21252554v1, http://www.genomahcov.fiocruz.br/tabela-de-dados/, https://virological.org/t/first-reported-cases-of-sars-cov-2-sub-lineage-b-1-617-2-in-brazil-an-outbreak-in-a-ship-and-alert-for-spread/706, https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.12.002, https://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37022&Itemid=448, https://blogdoibre.fgv.br/posts/auxilio-emergencial-faz-pobreza-cair-em-plena-pandemia, http://olheparaafome.com.br/VIGISAN_Inseguranca_alimentar.pdf, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/brazil-begins-parliamentary-inquiry-into-bolsonaros-covid-response, Correlation between human development index and its components with COVID-19 indices: a global level ecologic study, Coronavirus disease-related in-hospital mortality: a cohort study in a private healthcare network in Brazil, The 90 plus: longevity and COVID-19 survival, Years of life lost during the Covid-19 pandemic in Sweden considering variation in life expectancy by level of geriatric care. https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics-catalysing-action (2017). 2U19AI089681-08). The South was the last region to be severely hit by COVID-19 in 2020 (ref. and S.G. conducted data curation. Posta Elettronica Certificata (PEC): protocollo.ispra@ispra.legalmail.it, Kick-off meeting of the projet LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE TURTLENEST, https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/news/kick-off-meeting-of-the-projet-life-2021-sap-nat-nature-turtlenest, https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/news/kick-off-meeting-of-the-projet-life-2021-sap-nat-nature-turtlenest/@@download/image/carretta.png. In Amap, the femalemale gap is estimated to increase by 2.1 years, the highest among the states (Fig. Bauer, W., Jr. Acrylic acid and derivatives. States are colored according to major regions. Because the 2021 estimates are based on deaths that occurred in only a 4-month period, the magnitudes of declines are not directly comparable with those for 2020 using the DT19 method (Supplementary Tables 5 and 6). Brazil does not lack a universal healthcare system, a network of community health agents to target vulnerable communities, sufficient data and a capable cadre of researchers tirelessly advancing knowledge and informing policy.