Religion and intellectual inferiority were concepts that were used to manipulate the minds of everyone around into believing that practicing slavery was acceptable. An argumentative essay is an essay in which the author makes a claim (argument) and then attempts to persuade their audience to believe their claim through reasons, evidence, and the addressing of counterclaims. In a short manuscript written sometime in or near 1869, he formulated in rough outline a land-reform proposal, according to which the federal government would correct for southern landowners collusion by becoming itself a purchaser and seller of lands. A character which might pass without censure as a slave cannot so pass as a freeman. Addressing a womens rights convention in 1868, Douglass made the point simply and bluntly: If the elective franchise is not extended to the negro, he dieshe is exterminated.[39], Moreover, as the voting right was an imperative of justice, it was also, Douglass argued, a powerful agency for the cause of integration. It is difficult to challenge the accuracy of the first hand account offered. The counterclaim is just one of the four elements of an argument, which include: Claim - to assert facts that give rise to a legally enforceable right or judicial action. Proponents of this skeptical view cite the persistence of racial segregation in neighborhoods and schools; the persistence of stark disparities between black and white Americans in various measures of social and economic well-being; and, most alarmingly, the deepening alienationthe nihilism, as Cornel West candidly named it[2]prevalent among many AfricanAmericans living in urban poverty. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Douglass made these appeals to greatest effect in the most popular and frequently presented of his postwar speeches, his lecture on Self-Made Men. After briefly considering a few alternative explanations of worldly success, Douglass declares it evident that we may explain success mainly by one word and that word is work! In addition to using Counterclaim and Refutation Sentence Frames, writing teachers may also be interested in these related articles:Why Use an Essay Counterclaim?,Where to Put the Essay Counterclaim, andWhat is the Essay Counterclaim? 217, 219. The persistence of Douglasss hopeful, energetic activism during that very difficult decade deserves further comment. [60] He feared that such a development among black Americans likewise would be the effect of continuing failures to do justice by American institutions, as it could result also from the disaffection propagated by black advocates of emigration, despairing of Americas prospects for reform. Shubhra Mohanty June 09, 2022 The first of his positive reversals occurred as he was sent to serve as a house slave in Baltimore, where, aided by his kindly slavemistress Sophia Auld, he learned the rudiments of literacy. 364366. Making a claim is just a fancy way of saying that you're stating your main point. But it was upon becoming the editor of his own paper that his mind truly quickened. That appreciation was, however, specific to the maturity of his thought. Although, Douglass is able to be direct our thoughts to these experiences in such a light, you feel as if you are witnessing it happen right before you. Suppose that you are trying to get information from people who equivocate. Douglass saw slavery as a, It is at this time that Frederick Douglass learns one of the greatest freedoms of all. An effective argumentative essay utilizes the following four components of an argument: The claim is the author's central argument that they are trying to persuade the audience to believe. [1] Martin Luther King, Jr., I Have a Dream, in A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. Another way to organize the body of the essay is to spend two paragraphs discussing reasons and providing evidence for support and using the third body paragraph to address a counterclaim. According to Douglass, how do laws in the South prove that slaves are human beings? This counterclaim both disagrees with the claim and disproves it with on-topic reasoning. Writing Revision: How to Fix Mistakes in Your Writing, AEPA English Language Arts (NT301): Practice & Study Guide, AEPA Middle Grades English Language Arts (NT201): Practice & Study Guide, Common Core ELA Grade 8 - Literature: Standards, 10th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, 11th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Help and Review, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Tutoring Solution, 11th Grade English Curriculum Resource & Lesson Plans, 12th Grade English Curriculum Resource & Lesson Plans, Common Core ELA Grade 7 - Speaking & Listening: Standards, Create an account to start this course today. Use the present tense of the verb. The reasons can also be thought of as the "why" behind a claim. [8] The boy who became Frederick Douglass was born, enslaved, on Marylands Eastern Shore in February 1818 and given the improbably dignified name Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey. While Frederick Douglass made some key arguments, he also made common ground to make his . A counterclaim is just the opposite of a claim. [60] Douglass, This Decision Has Humbled the Nation, in Douglass Papers, Vol. This proclamation changed everything, Douglass later recalled. II, pp. Not only will people need to know where you got your evidence, they might even want to see it. 9 chapters | Worst of all was Dred Scott, in which the nations highest court endorsed the pro-slavery, white-supremacist reading propagated by both the Constitutions Garrisonian enemies and slaverys most determined defenders. IV, p. 68. His argument is reinforced though a variety of anecdotes, many of which detailed strikingly bloody, horrific scenes and inhumane cruelty on the part of the slaveholders. Criticizethe evidence and analysis of the counterclaimas being unimportant, irrelevant, or a misinterpretation. I have had but one answer from the beginning. A counterclaim is an argument that argues in opposition to the author's claim. Abigail_Lane_-_Argumentative_Structure-Frederick_Douglass Spirited and independent-minded by nature, Douglass could abide mentors only to a limited degree even as a young man. The standard format for an argumentative essay is as follows: An effective argument contains all of the necessary components (claim, reasons, evidence, counterclaims) while keeping the intended audience in mind. Using stories to illustrate each of his points, Douglass shows that black slaves only tell whites they are happy to avoid retribution, that they sing to mourn and lament their fate, and that owners who have gone to revival meetings and come back "converted" to Christianity feel even more emboldened to beat and mistreat their slaves, because it is Biblically sanctioned that slaves must obey their masters. 202203 (emphasis added). If I told my mom that bit about the Internet access and the Honor Roll, you can bet she would make me prove it by showing it to her. He then begins to think getting his education could be his way to liberty and freedom and though he endeavors to learn much as he can, he starts to doubt whether he is correct or not. Douglass wanted to show his opposition to slavery and knew he would meet many criticisms. V, p. 105. III, pp. Every nation, owing to its peculiar character and composition, has a definite mission in the world, Douglass observed in 1869, but Americas mission, clearer than ever in the aftermath of the war, marks it as exceptional. In a widely publicized speech commemorating the Constitutions bicentennial, Marshall asserted that in its infamously pro-slavery ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), the Supreme Court merely reaffirmed the prevailing opinion of the Framers regarding the rights of Negroes in America. He claimed that Chief Justice Roger Taney, writing for the Court in that case, had accurately described the Founders views when he alleged that in the Founders day, black Americans, had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order, and altogether unfit to associate with the white raceand so far inferior, that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect; and that the Negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit. How do you think that refuting a misconception strengthened your presentation? For Douglass especially, the stakes of that contest were matters of concrete urgency as well as of larger national destiny. Eachno-prepresource allows students to work at their own paces via mastery learning. The Essay Skills Worksheets include 97 worksheets (printables and 97 Google slides) to help teachersdifferentiate writing instructionwith bothremedial and advancedwriting skills. Key Arguments in "The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass", There are a number of key arguments in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. It is very difficult to see how the forward- and upward-looking labor required to achieve the ends of justice for all and black elevation in America is to be sustained amid a spreading sentiment of alienation from America. But this is the opinion of the Founding and, more generally, of the nations basic moral architecture that critics have propounded widely in todays schools and universities. This technique helps to make the argument more effective by strengthening the claim being made. How might a group of people denounce a government policy? IV, p. 319. What Are the Parts of an Argumentative Essay? - Study.com That is provable, because your phone is so old it barely has texting! The following sentence frames helped out my students considerably: First Contrasting Transition +Name the Opposition +Strong Verb + Opposing Point of View +Evidence + Analysis + Second Contrasting Transition + Reference the Opposing Point of View + Turn, However, But, Admittedly, Although, Alternatively, Strong Verbs + Denial/Assertion or Assertion, Denial:reject, oppose, disagree, question, doubt thisview andAssertion:argue that, reason that, claim that, support, conclude that. In particular, slaveholders perpetrated no greater wrong than their withholding of education from those enslaved. Later, he finds out that while the conditions are slightly better there is still a great deal of injustice. Every year adds to the black mans numbers. In his successive responses to these developments, Douglass expressed not despair but rising hopefulness. IV, p. 459. From that moment on, Frederick Bailey was resolved to escape slaveryor die trying. Reiterating at the end of his life a powerful theme of his earliest writings, Douglass insisted that educationmeans emancipation. First, it makes clear that Douglasss demand for nothing but fair play allowed for vigorous protective and remedial action by the federal government. Create your account. (a) What main claim shapes Douglass's speech? 386387. A reason tells why. That's evidence. Let him alone![33], This response epitomizes Douglasss career-long insistence on the cultivation of self-reliant virtue as the primary means of elevation from the degraded condition in which many years of slavery and proscription had left most black Americans. When providing evidence to support reasoning, always make sure that the evidence comes from a credible source and that it is directly relevant to the reasoning. https://www.facebook.com/groups/sorliteracyhub, Enter code 3716 for 10% Discount on all ELA and Reading Intervention Programs. [43] Douglass, Property in Soil and Property in Man, November 18, 1848, in Life and Writings, Vol. how does douglass refute this counterclaim? The Constitution, as well as the Declaration of Independence, and the sentiments of the founders of the Republic, give us a plat-form broad enough, and strong enough, to support the most comprehensive plans for the freedom and elevation of all the people of this country, without regard to color, class, or clime. What did Frederick Douglass oppose? How does the struggle for freedom change with history? His emphasis on property rights grounded in productive, opportunistic laboring went hand-in-hand with a respect for blacks equal capacity for cultivating and perfecting the self-elevating virtues. If you're ever going to convince your mom to get that new cell phone that's just perfect for you, you're going to have to move beyond mere opinions. There are three parts of the structure of an argumentative essay: introduction, body, and conclusion. 61, 6465. [39] Address of the Colored National Convention to the People of the United States, October 47, 1864, in Life and Writings, Vol. He states This battle with Mr. The federal government would find itself surrounded by a hostile spirit in the lately rebellious states, he warned, and the strength to counterbalance this spirit would be found in the negroes of the south.[40] Moreover, a policy of equal suffrage would have, over time, a more profound integrative effect in the healing of racial divisions. Drawing upon that faith, he taught black Americans and all other Americans to stand up for justice and to strive for excellence. His final break with Garrison came in 1851, when he announced that he had come to reject the core Garrisonian doctrine that the U.S. Constitution was a pro-slavery instrument. Evidence - something that proves the truth of a claim, or leads to a . We want no black Ireland in America, he warned in response to the Supreme Courts disappointing ruling in the Civil Rights Cases in 1883no American counterpart to the aggrieved, unproductive, disproportionately criminal (under)class that Douglass viewed as the natural issue of Englands injustice. He returned also a more confident and independent thinker, and in late 1847, against Garrisons advice, he launched his own newspaper, originally titled The North Star. 411, 414. Despite that glimmer of dignity at his origin, the year of his birth and the identity of his own father remained unknown to him throughout his life. It was specifically on grounds of reparative justice that he urged support of one particular federal public-education proposal, a bill put forward by Senator Henry Blair of New Hampshire. Some of the above points adapted from theHarvard Writing Center. Woe, woe! Douglass never tired of quoting the lines of Byron to this effect: Who would be free, themselves must strike the blow. To the end, he held strongly to the principle that he stressed in an 1855 editorial: our elevation as a race, is almost wholly dependent upon our own exertions.[55]. A reason tells why the claim is made and is supported by the evidence. In our example, you would need to give or cite some concrete evidence like, 'According to research, students with Internet access on their phones are more likely to make the Honor Roll.' It is appealing to think that Kings dream has been realized, at least in its essentials, by the reforms of the Civil Rights Erareforms that King himself characterized as the third, the greatest, and the culminating American Revolution. [7] At the heart of all that he learned and taught were these simple propositions: A formidable thinker as well as an activist and a polemicist, Frederick Douglass produced the most powerful argument for the affirmation of those principles in the history of AfricanAmerican political thought. Under each type of claim is an example of that claim on the topic of capital punishment. Additionally, it comes from a credible source: an academic paper from the. Post comments: direct characterization of clarisse fahrenheit 451 direct characterization of clarisse fahrenheit 451 In paragraph 5, what does douglass acknowledge as a counterclaim to his position? How does Douglass's opening reference to the Declaration of Independence reinforce his message? Doubts arose as to whether so skilled an orator could ever have been a slave, and Douglass responded by writing his first autobiography. The reasons of an argument are the reasoning or logical proof provided to prove the argument. IV, p. 420. IV, p. 514. The prostrate form, the uncovered head, the cringing attitude, the bated breath, the suppliant, outstretched hand of beggary does not become an American freeman, and does not become us as a class, and we will not consent to be any longer represented in that position. [47] Douglass, Self-Made Men, in Douglass Papers, Vol. While this quote is from a credible source (Markkula Center for Applied Ethics), it merely restates the claim and reasoning, rather than providing actual evidence to support it. Douglass never mentions the fact that many of the fathers were slave owners. Supporters of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 believed that. Douglasss escape from slavery and eventual freedom are inseparable from his movingly narrated attainment of literacy. Fair play meant at minimum that the nation must reject the alternatives of (1) re-enslavement, this time of the entire black American population; (2) colonization or expatriation; (3) persisting subordination of blacks as a degraded caste; and (4) outright extermination. Claims of fact make assertions that can be proven or disproven with evidence. Already a member? Without it, black Americans would remain all too often outside the protection of law, dependent for their rights on white officeholders who lacked any electoral incentive to represent them. No words, no tears, no prayers, from his gory victim, seemed to move his iron heart from its bloody purpose. Latest answer posted July 17, 2016 at 4:13:08 PM. Frederick Douglass devoted his singular 54-year career of public advocacy to the grand, mutually inseparable causes of the liberation and elevation of his fellow black Americans and the racial and moral integration of America. The propensity of the latter, he warned, was to foster an enervating spirit of alienationa perpetual longing for some mighty revolution, diverting and dissipating the energies of those who harbored it.[59]. The fact is, Douglass observed as he reviewed the succession of failed attempts to quiet the controversy over slavery, the more the question has been settled, the more it has needed settling. Latest answer posted August 21, 2018 at 9:25:03 PM. It will tell that people and all others that the nation has the disposition if not entire ability to do the Negro right and justice.[54]. Everyone would agree that education helps develop us into who we are and what we can become. Having witnessed her transformation from a sympathetic to a hard-hearted mistress, Douglass concludes that slavery was as injurious to her soul as it was to his. The existence of capital punishment deters violent crimes, Bringing up counterclaims provides the author with a sense of, Bringing up counterclaims allows the author to provide a, This above quote is an example of strong evidence because it directly relates to the claim and reasoning, providing factual evidence of the actual cost of capital punishment versus life in prison. A broad array of racially freighted social problems persists and even intensifies in the postCivil Rights Era, in the face of which the ideals of the civil rights cause cannot be said to have been fully realized. Even Christianity was corrupted by slavery, he points out. What does Frederick Douglass mean when he says "Bread of Knowledge"? Counterclaim and Refutation Sentence Frames. The more difficult ones were put in place by Douglass in order to provide a deep and profound statement, without arousing too much opposition. In paragraph 5, (a) What does Douglass acknowledge as a counterclaim to his Every year adds to his wealth and to his intelligence. As the author of three autobiographies, Douglass framed his life story as a series of reversals of fortune suggestive of the possibility of liberating revolutionary change. James Madison, the commonly acknowledged Father of the Constitution, in a speech at the Constitutional Convention denounced slavery grounded in the mere distinction of colour as the most oppressive dominion ever exercised by man over man.[6] Likewise, Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, in his original draft of that document denounced slavery (not only the slave trade) as a cruel war against human naturean institution creating and depending on a market, he emphasized to excite outrage in his readers, where MEN should be bought & sold. All the major figures of the Founding forwarded similar denunciations of slavery. "The demographics of the death row population show a racial bias as well. But there are two sides to every argument. Use etymological information in a dictionary to verify your choices, -obstacle: prevents progress Once again, that hopefulness was grounded primarily in his appreciation of the unique virtue of Americas beginning; first things are always interesting, he liked to say,[10] and most of all in the case of a new nation dedicated to universal principles of justice. He not only. Space permits here only a brief sketch of Douglasss singularly remarkable life story, which sheds much light on the formation of his political philosophy. His evidence for this claim is that when he first meets her in Baltimore, she is a very kind woman. Through his knowledge, he learns more about his situation and potential. Claims are not just opinions. The main parts of an argument are: An error occurred trying to load this video. Scarcely less important than suffrage as a guarantor of personal security were property rights. Here, where universal suffrage is the ruleto rule us out is to make us an exception, to brand us with the stigma of inferiority, and to invite to our heads the missiles of those about us.[38], This was no merely abstract consideration. Evaluating an Argument Guidelines & Examples | What is an Argument? Douglass discovers that a slave was set free by persuading his master, and as a result, this information makes Douglass an avid learner. Fredrick Douglas Flashcards | Quizlet Whereas Douglass from the outset called urgently and insistently for the Civil Wars prosecution as an abolition war, Lincoln saw in such a course of action only a self-destructive rashnessa premature radicalizing of the war, most likely to result in the disaffection of vital allies and, ultimately, the catastrophic failure of the Union cause. by | Jun 10, 2022 | flores para iglesia matrimonio | poway high school bell schedule 2021 | Jun 10, 2022 | flores para iglesia matrimonio | poway high school bell schedule 2021 How many masters did Frederick Douglass have? Under its influence, the tender heart became stone, and the lamblike disposition gave way to one of tigerlike fierceness" (page 28). Douglass presented this speech to an antislavery societyan audience that was already on his side. We want [the voting right], Douglass explained in his most extended discussion of the question, because it is our right, first of all. Her husband tells her that instructing her slave in literacy will spoil him as a slave, and she stops teaching young Frederick. The overall claim for an essay is also known as the thesis and can be found in the introduction of the essay. Your fathers, the fathers of this republic, did, most deliberatelyand with a sublime faith in the great principles of justice and freedom, lay deep the corner-stone of the national superstructure, which has risen and still rises in grandeur around you. The specific nature of slaverys worst wrongs, however, suggested a more definite approach. Wiki User. For a standard 5-paragraph essay, the introduction is one paragraph and contains the thesis statement, or overall claim for the essay. [62] Abraham Lincoln, Annual Message to Congress, December 1, 1862, in Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings, ed. A claim is the main argument. The conclusion of the essay is one paragraph and contains an overarching summary of the argument as well as any implications this argument may have moving forward. To the enslaved and battered millions [who] have come, suffered, died, and gone, he observed, no recompense can be made. The same was true for those millions living descendents: If the American people could put a school house in every valley; a church on every hill top in the South and supply them with a teacher and a preacher respectively and welcome the descendents of the former slaves to all the moral and intellectual benefits of the one and the other, without money and without price, such a sacrifice would not compensate their children for the terrible wrong done to their fathers and mothers, by their enslavement and enforced degradation.[52]. Protagoras (pictured right) engaging in a public debate. Dont pick a straw man. In other words, dont pick a weak opposing argument that is too easy to refute. Let us consider first the difficulties. These fears clearly retain their currency in our own day, as do Douglasss efforts to dispel their causes. Protagoras was a Greek philosopher who is widely considered the father of argument and debate. A claim is an argument in statement form. (make). Douglass provides. Argumentative Writing - ELA.8.C.1.3: Write to argue a position, supporting at least one claim and rebutting at least one counterclaim with logical reasoning, credible evidence from sources . With our Essay Lab, you can create a customized outline within seconds to get started on your essay right away. Plus, each essay includes a detailed analytical (not holistic) rubric for assessment-based learning. For each of the following sentences, write the correct word or expression from the pair in parentheses. The power of education was also a key argument in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, but it was not an argument with a consistent meaning. [35] Douglass, The Future of the Negro People of the Slave States, in Life and Writings, Vol. Of the Blair bill, he insisted that the Negro needs it, the illiterate white needs it and the nation needs it.[56] Arguing in 1872 against racial segregation in public schools, Douglass described his purpose as patriotic as well as beneficent, on the premise that the public schools should function as a common platform of nationality.[57] Any measure that authorizes or deepens ones self-identification in predominantly racial terms is to be opposed, he maintained, insisting that race is a morally arbitrary quality. athenaeum club southend membership fees. In the Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass, we are exposed to the iniquity of slavery and the dehumanization of the black race, which then led Frederick Douglass to recognize that literacy and education would aid him in his flight to freedom. How he acquired it is a part of his story not to be neglected. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. [9] Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom, in Frederick Douglass: Autobiographies (New York: Library of America, 1994), p. 286. When you're preparing an argument, make sure to note where you got your evidence. [32] Douglasss response was disarmingly blunt. Peter C. Myers is Professor of Political Science at the University of WisconsinEau Claire and the author of Frederick Douglass: Race and the Rebirth of American Liberalism. An education can open doors that were once closed. In Americas dedication to principles of natural human rights set forth in the Declaration of Independence, Douglass found reason to love and identify with his country, despite the injustices that he and his people had suffered. Again in contrast to more radical critics in his day and our own, Douglass insisted that these persisting abuses by the class of former slaveholders constituted clear violations, not legitimate applications and not refutations, of the natural right of property. In that speech, often considered the greatest of all abolitionist speeches, he excoriated Americas injustices no less vigorously than he ever had, but he took great care to distinguish Americas practice from its first principles and the actions of its subsequent generations from those of its Founders. A claim of value makes a judgement on something's worth, morality, or merit. Frederick Douglass (1818-1895) was a former slave who became a nationally recognized abolitionist orator during the antebellum period. Thousands of black Americans did just that. Philip S. Foner (New York: International Publishers, 195075), p. 236 (hereinafter Life and Writings). State what role curiosity plays in an interview. Slavery was an embarrassing time in Americas history. You're going to need to support your claim to get rid of that crummy, old, obsolete phone that's holding you back. Your argument can be summed up quickly. Taking the policy claim from earlier, if an author is arguing that the United States should ban capital punishment, their reasons would be the reasons why they believe this is the case. Douglass rejected the various white disintegrationists for obvious reasons, and he rejected the black variants too. II, p. 528 (emphasis in original). appalachian school of law shooting victims; private members' clubs london mayfair.